Philippe Colombe

A native of Paris, Colombe had served in the army of the Russian Tsardom before moving to Safavid Iran.^[1] Entering service under Sultan Husayn (r. 1694–1722), Colombe came to be at the head of the empire's military ordnance.^[2] During the decisive battle against the rebellious Afghans in March 1722, at Gulnabad, Colombe was in command of the artillery corps (although he was nominally under Ahmad Khan, the tupchi-bashi), which hosted 24 cannons.^[1] During the battle, Colombe and his corps were left without protection, which resulted in them getting frantically attacked by the Afghans, and killed.^[1]

• Fisher, William Bayne; Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200943.
• Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2015). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1780769905.
• Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO. p. 352. ISBN 978-1598843378.