Photodermatosis

Photodermatoses can be categorized into primary or secondary photodermatoses based on the cause of the reaction. Primary photodermatoses are immunology mediated or caused by chemical/drug exposure. An example of primary photodermatoses is Polymorphous light eruption. Polymorphous light eruption is the most common type of photodermatoses. It is most likely due to an abnormal immune system reaction to the sun. Polymorphous light eruption occurs in approximately 10 to 20 percent^[3] of otherwise healthy individuals, so it is a relatively common condition. A more rare photodermatoses is hydroa vacciniforme with a prevalence of 0.34 per 100 000.^[2]

• Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE)
• Hydroa vacciniforme
• Chronic actinic dermatitis
• Actinic prurigo
• Solar urticaria

• Phototoxic reactions: drug-induced phototoxic reactions, phytophotodermatitis
• Photoallergic reaction

Secondary photodermatoses stems from underlying disorders including genetic diseases and photoaggravated dermatoses.^[4]

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Dermatomyositis
• Acne vulgaris
• Herpes simplex
• Lichen planus actinicus

• Porphyria cutanea tarda
• Xeroderma pigmentosum

There are several ways in which medical professional can diagnose photodermatoses. Usually a detailed history of the patient's experience and medical history along with physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. The medical professional takes into consideration the time since sun exposure; use of creams/makeup, medications, and contact with plants; frequency of pruritis; improvements with less exposure to sun such as during winter months; and family history of photodermatoses. Physical examinations look for signs of erythematous rashes and swelling of areas exposed to sun, including face, upper neck or back, and primary skin lesions which includes vesicle and blisters.^[2][4]

For diagnostic uncertainty of photodermatoses, a medical professional may use other means to diagnose. Lab studies, skin biopsy, challenge-rechallenge testing, and phototesting are some options. Challenge-rechallenge testing is done by withdrawing and reintroducing the suspected cause and checking for reaction.^[4][5] Phototesting is typically done by a specialist and evaluates for primary photodermatoses. It is also the method used to identify drug related photo-toxicity.^[5] There are three main methods of phototesting: Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing, Photoprovocation test, and Photopatch testing.

• Through exposure to increasing UV doses, the minimum value for UV radiation to trigger a reaction can be determined.^[4][5]

• Through repeated, fixed doses of UV radiation over the course of at least three days, this test aims to reproduce a photo-sensitive reaction.^[4][5]

• Used to determine patient specific photallergens by applying suspected agents in pairs and then exposing one to UV radiation. The one exposed to UV radiation is then compared to the control that was not exposed to UV radiation.^[4][5]