Physicians in the United States Congress
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Physicians in the United States Congress have been a small minority of the members of Congress, with fluctuating numbers over the years. The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to a low of 2 in 1990, to a maximum of 21 in 2013 and a decrease to 14 in 2017. Possible explanations for this development have been increasing health care spending and increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act.
In public opinion research by the American Medical Association (AMA) from 2013, voters rated "understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans" as the most convincing statement of a physician candidate for Congress. Physicians in Congress have received large campaign contributions from health care trade associations and from peers through physician associations such as the AMA.
History
In 1776, 11 percent of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were physicians.[1] Likewise, two (5 percent) of the 39 individuals crafting the US Constitution in 1787 were physicians.[2]
During the first 100 years of Congress (1789–1889), 252 (or 4.6 percent) of 5405 members were physicians.[3]
20th and 21st century
The number of physicians serving and running for Congress has risen over the last 50 years from 5 in 1960, down to 3 in 1970 and a low of 2 in 1990 up to 10 (in 2000)[3] to a maximum of 21, including one female physician, in 2013,[4] as of 2015, there were 18, and as of 2017 a small decrease to 15 physicians.[5]
Possible explanations for the increase since the 1990s have been increasing health care spending[6] and increased health care reform debate in the United States, leading up to the Healthcare Reform Act.[7]
Motivations
Tom Coburn said, "physicians have watched the profession undergo tremendous realignments that are shifting doctors' responsibilities away from patient care, changes they attribute to the government's inefficacy".[7] Jim McDermott was quoted as saying "They want to have their hands right there on the handle so they can pull it one way or another."[7] Physicians "balked at the idea of lawmakers with no medical experience making decisions that could upend the profession", per Andy Harris.[7]
Kelley Paul, wife of Rand Paul, said in 2015 when he made his 2016 White House bid, "Being a physician gives Rand a unique perspective in Washington, simply because he's trained to diagnose a problem and find a solution."[8]
Party membership
In 2013, three quarters of physicians in Congress were Republican,[4] and 80% as of 2017.[5] As a possible reason Jim McDermott offered, "politically conservative physicians were more likely to chafe at the direction of changes in health care, with greater oversight by the government and a more regulated role for the private sector. It's a fundamental debate about what is in the public good."[7]
During the 2016 cycle the AMA political action committee spent $2 million with "direct contributions to 348 physician-friendly [Congressional] candidates (58% Republican and 46% Democratic)".[9]
Gender, geography and medical specialty
Of the 27 physicians in Congress since 2005, 93% have been men, which is in stark contrast to 70% male physicians in general. 63% were from the South (vs 35% of all Congressional members) and 26% were surgeons (vs 11% of all US physicians).[10] [obsolete source]
Political participation
According to a 2024 study using data of the US Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey being a physician was not associated with political participation and was actually negatively associated with attending public meetings.[11] That said, this study uses Current Population Survey data, which uses self-reported voting that is rife with social desirability bias. A recent study using national voter file data finds that physicians were more likely than non-physicians to vote in the 2020 presidential election.[12]
Public opinion
In 2013, the AMA funded three focus groups of voters across the country and an online survey to research public opinion on physicians as Congressional candidates. The top scoring potential message for a physician was to link back to health care expertise. "Because physicians work in health care daily, they bring a clear understanding of the problems facing our healthcare industry, including the bureaucratic red tape that is strangling health care providers and driving up the cost of health care for most Americans."[6]
Candidates, 2014
Senate candidates in 2014 included "an obstetrician in North Carolina, Milton R. Wolf, a radiologist in Kansas, a liver disease specialist in Louisiana, and Representatives Paul Broun and Phil Gingrey in Georgia, all of them Republicans. At least 26 more physicians were running for the House, some for re-election," per a New York Times article from March 2014.[7]
113th Congress (2013–2015)
From 2013 to 2015 there were 20 physicians in U.S.Congress, 19 of whom were male and 16 of whom were members of the Republican party.
| Legislature | Name | Party-state-district | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2012 campaign money raised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2008[note 1] | Orthopedic surgery | $8,081,603[13] |
| House | Dan Benishek | (R-MI-01) | 2010 | General surgery, retired | $2,255,260[14] |
| House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal medicine | $1,373,106[15] |
| House | Charles Boustany | (R-LA-03) | 2004 | Cardiothoracic surgery, retired | $4,879,644[16] |
| House | Paul Broun | (R-GA-10) | 2007 | Family medicine | $1,410,625[17] |
| House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $608,721[18] |
| House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2010 | OB/GYN | $613,280[19] |
| House | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2008 | Gastroenterology | $5,121,030[20] |
| House | Donna Christensen | (D-Virgin Islands-AL) | 1996 | Emergency medicine | $330,274[21] |
| Senate | Tom Coburn | (R-OK) | 2004 | Family medicine | $2,100,328 †[22] |
| House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General practice | $283,549[23] |
| House | John Fleming | (R-LA-04) | 2008 | Family medicine | $698,596[24] |
| House | Phil Gingrey | (R-GA-11) | 2002 | OB/GYN | $1,530,373[25] |
| House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,689,833[26] |
| House | Joe Heck | (R-NV-03) | 2010 | Emergency medicine | $1,117,768[27] |
| House | Jim McDermott | (D-WA-07) | 1988 | Psychiatry | $223,469[28] |
| Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $9,942,744†[29] |
| House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic surgery | $1,375,428[30] |
| House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $348,673[31] |
| House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency medicine | $1,504,150[32] |
† 2009/2012 cycle ††2013–2014 cycle
114th Congress (2015–2017)
From 2015 to 2017, there were 17 physicians in U.S. Congress. All were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.
| Legislature | Name | Party-state-district | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2014 campaign money raised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family medicine, veterinarian | $824,819[33] |
| Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2008[note 1] | Orthopedic surgery | $7,045,286[34] |
| House | Dan Benishek | (R-MI-01) | 2010 | General surgery, retired | $2,152,648[35] |
| House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal medicine | $4,410,225[36] |
| House | Charles Boustany | (R-LA-03) | 2004 | Cardiothoracic surgery, retired | $2,711,231[37] |
| House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $608,721[18] |
| House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2010 | OB/GYN | $613,280[19] |
| Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology | $15,548,343[20] |
| House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General practice | $283,549[23] |
| House | John Fleming | (R-LA-04) | 2008 | Family medicine | $698,596[24] |
| House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,422,625[38] |
| House | Joe Heck | (R-NV-03) | 2010 | Emergency medicine | $1,117,768[27] |
| House | Jim McDermott | (D-WA-07) | 1988 | Psychiatry | $223,469[28] |
| Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $19,613,645[39] |
| House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic surgery | $2,784,268[40] |
| House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $933,431[41] |
| House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency medicine | $3,439,977[42] |
† 2009/2014 cycle
115th Congress (2017–2019)
From 2017 to 2019 there were 16 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all were male and 14 were members of the Republican party. There were also one podiatrist, one dentist, and one optometrist.[5]
| Legislature | Name | Party-state-district | Year elected | Medical specialty | 2016 campaign money raised |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family medicine, veterinarian | $577,493[43] |
| Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2008[note 1] | Orthopedic surgery | $6,677,705[44] |
| House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | General practice | $4,128,996[45] |
| House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery | $1,045,223[46] |
| House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | OB/GYN | $1,857,590[47] |
| Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology | $17,269,420[48] |
| House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | General practice | $637,783[49] |
| House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology | $1,968,334[50] |
| House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology | $1,402,664[51] |
| House | Roger Marshall | (R-KS-01) | 2016 | Obstetrician | $1,506,821[52] |
| Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology | $12,105,270[53] |
| House | Tom Price | (R-GA-06) | 2004 | Orthopedic surgery | $2,769,758[54] |
| House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN | $952,677[55] |
| House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency medicine | $3,225,291[56] |
116th Congress (2019–2021)
From 2019 to 2021 there were 17 physicians in the U.S. Congress; all but one were male and 14 were members of the Republican party.
| Legislature | Name | Party-state-district | Year elected | Medical specialty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| House | Ralph Abraham | (R-LA-05) | 2014 | Family medicine, veterinarian |
| Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2008[note 1] | Orthopedic surgery |
| House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012 | Internal medicine |
| House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery |
| House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | OB/GYN |
| Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology |
| House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | Family medicine |
| House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology |
| House | Mark Green | (R-TN-07) | 2018 | Emergency medicine |
| House | Andrew P. Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology |
| House | John Joyce | (R-PA-09) | 2018 | Dermatology |
| House | Roger Marshall | (R-KS-01) | 2016 | OB/GYN |
| House | Greg Murphy | (R-NC-03) | 2019 | Urology |
| Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology |
| House | David "Phil" Roe | (R-TN-01) | 2008 | OB/GYN |
| House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency medicine |
| House | Kim Schrier | (D-WA-08) | 2018 | Pediatrics |
117th Congress (2021–2023)
There were 17 physicians in the 117th Congress, of whom 13 served in the House and 4 served in the Senate.[57]
| Legislature | Name | Party-state-district | Year elected | Medical specialty |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senate | John Barrasso | (R-WY) | 2008[note 1] | Orthopedic surgery |
| House | Ami Bera | (D-CA-07) | 2012[note 2] | Internal medicine |
| House | Larry Bucshon | (R-IN-08) | 2010 | Thoracic surgery |
| House | Michael C. Burgess | (R-TX-26) | 2002 | Obstetrics and gynecology |
| Senate | Bill Cassidy | (R-LA) | 2014 | Gastroenterology |
| House | Scott DesJarlais | (R-TN-04) | 2010 | Family medicine |
| House | Neal Dunn | (R-FL-02) | 2016 | Urology |
| House | Mark Green | (R-TN-07) | 2018 | Emergency medicine |
| House | Andy Harris | (R-MD-01) | 2010 | Anesthesiology |
| House | Ronny Jackson | (R-TX-13) | 2020 | Emergency medicine |
| House | John Joyce | (R-PA-13) | 2018 | Dermatology |
| Senate | Roger Marshall | (R-KS) | 2020 | Obstetrics and gynecology |
| House | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | (R-IA-02) | 2020 | Ophthalmology |
| House | Greg Murphy | (R-NC-03) | 2019 | Urology |
| Senate | Rand Paul | (R-KY) | 2010 | Ophthalmology |
| House | Raul Ruiz | (D-CA-36) | 2012 | Emergency medicine |
| House | Kim Schrier | (D-WA-08) | 2018 | Pediatrics |
118th Congress (2023–2025)
There were 19 physicians in the 118th Congress, of whom 15 served in the House and 4 served in the Senate. Three were women.[58]
119th Congress (2025-present)
There are 21 physicians in the 119th Congress, of whom 17 are serving in the House and four in the Senate.[59]
Notes
- The governor of Wyoming appointed Barrasso to his Senate seat following the death in office of Craig L. Thomas in 2007. Barrasso was subsequently elected to fill the remainder of Senator Thomas's term.
- Prior to redistricting after the 2020 US Census, which took effect in the 118th Congress, Bera represented CA-07.