Portraits of Frederick the Great

During the lifetime of Frederick the Great a large number of idealized portraits were made of him by many painters and engravers, among them Antoine Pesne,^[4][5] Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff,^[6][7] Johann Georg Ziesenis,^{[8][9][10][11][12]} Gottfried Hempel,^[13][14][15] Johann Heinrich Christian Franke,^[16][17][18] Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo,^[19][20][21] Anna Dorothea Therbusch,^[22][23] Anton Graff,^[24][25][26] Johann Georg Wille^[27][28] Georg Friedrich Schmidt^{[29][30][31][32]} and Daniel Chodowiecki.^{[33][34][35][36][37]}

The king gave several of these pictures away as gifts in recognition of rendered services,^[38] whether as life-size paintings, miniatures set with diamonds that were worn like medals, or representations on snuff boxes.^[39] However, most portraits were produced for commercial reasons without being commissioned by the king, because there was a demand for his likeness from all of the courts of Europe. None of these official portraits show the real facial features of the monarch. Many comments from Frederick's contemporaries who met the king prove that his true appearance did not match his depictions in painted and engraved portraits.^[40] For instance, in 1761, during a meeting with Frederick, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim saw “a royal face that not a single painting depicts truthfully”.^[41] For the chronicler Christoph Friedrich Nicolai it was clear: “[...] no portrait is like him.”^[42] Consequently, in 1897, art historian Paul Seidel complained that no clear judgment could be derived from the surviving portraits as to what Frederick the Great really looked like.^[43]

The French Rococo painter Antoine Pesne (1683–1757),^[44] who worked at the Prussian court for many years and was appointed director of the Berlin Academy of Arts, chiefly depicted Frederick in his younger years, his earliest portrait being that of Frederick with his older sister, Wilhelmine, as children (c.1714–15).^[45][46] Several times he painted the crown prince^[47][48][49] and young king^[50][51][52] in a representational style with smooth features. With some justification, critics accused Pesne of portraying all of his royal sitters equally beautifully and lacking any sharper characterization.^[53][54] For instance, referring to Pesne’s 1740 portrait of Frederick, art historian Helmut Börsch-Supan writes that the artist “wasn't interested in a true portrayal of the character. Pesne painted Frederick the Great as he depicted beautiful women courting the admiration of their viewers. This is a feminine trait that makes it difficult to see the full personality in this portrait.”^[55] Indeed, Pesne's idealized representations of Frederick do not correspond with a statement by the Austrian ambassador Friedrich Heinrich Graf von Seckendorff about the 14-year-old crown prince that he looked "old and stiff" at a young age and acted accordingly presumably because of the hardships imposed on him by his father.^[56] This means that already in his younger years, Frederick “does not seem to have been a rather handsome boy”.^[57] Significantly, even his father said, when the English royal family had asked him for a portrait of the crown prince, that they should have a large monkey painted because that was Frederick's likeness.^[58]

Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff seems to have invented a pictorial formula that depicted the crown prince in profile with a classically straightened nose,^[59][60] which must have had an immense influence on countless later profile portraits of the king that were widely distributed through prints.^[61] According to Börsch-Supan, the receding forehead, whose contour in side view is a straight continuation of the bridge of the nose, gives the face something bold and sharp, but is in strange contradiction to the full, somewhat drooping lower face and the beginnings of a double chin.^[62]

In 1763 Johann Georg Ziesenis produced a "bourgeois" portrait of the king which has been claimed to be the only painting for which Frederick sat during his lifetime.^[63] It was commissioned by Frederick's sister, Duchess Philippine Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.^[64] However, more recent researchers have doubts as to whether the king actually sat for this painting from 17 to 20 June 1763 at Castle Salzdahlum,^[65] especially since he had an aversion to being portrayed and the artist made Frederick's facial features look far too handsome.^[66] Indeed, in 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War, Frederick "complained in his letters of how much weight he had lost and how thin, fragile, and gray he had become."^[67] For instance, in a letter to Sophie Caroline von Camas of March 6, 1763, he wrote: "You will see me again as an old man ... I'm as gray as a donkey, I lose a tooth every day and I'm half paralyzed from gout".^[68] Ziesenis's portrait hardly agrees with this.^[69]

When the French painter Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo stayed in Berlin from 1763 to 1769, he painted at least two portraits of the Prussian king, one of which has been in the royal collection in London since 1816.^[70][71] According to Paul Seidel, the artist put the “stamp of unnatural” on these portraits of Frederick. “You can see at first glance that they are painted from memory and without a sitting.”^[72]

Such images, based on Knobelsdorff's and Pesne's idealized portraiture, dominated both in painted and engraved form until the 1760s. However, after the Seven Years' War, the conception of Frederick portraits seems to have changed, now even allowing the depiction of individual shortcomings or the effects of experienced stress. At the same time, in connection with an intensive formation of legends about the military successes of the king, the emergence of an “age type” can be observed both in painting and sculpture.^[73] By emphasizing the sharp nasolabial folds, the straight lines of the forehead and the bridge of the nose, the narrow mouth and the protruding eyes the artists created a type of image that art historian Helmut Börsch-Supan has characterized as “very Prussian in its expressive frugality to the point of scantiness.”^[74]

A very popular depiction of Frederick in the new style is the portrait painted by Johann Heinrich Christian Franke in 1763/64, of which a number of variants exist.^[75][76][77] It shows a bourgeois king holding up his tricorne in greeting. The monarch was well known for frequently saluting in public with his “cocked hat.”^[78]

In 1767, Anton Friedrich König (1722-1787) was appointed royal court miniature portrait painter for Frederick the Great. In 1769, he produced a watercolour painting on ivory showing the king as an intellectual writer, historian and philosopher in front of his writing table, surrounded by the books in his library.^[79][80][81]

In a gouache of 1772 by Daniel Chodowiecki the king is posed rather awkwardly in a slightly bent position on horseback, a representation that circulated in numerous copies^[82][83] and engraved versions. A print after it was later used by Johann Caspar Lavater as an illustration for his Physiognomische Fragmente (1777), because the author was of the opinion that here "the Great, He himself, was riding past," as he believed he knew him from life.^[84]

When in 1775 Frederick sent Voltaire the portrait that Anna Dorothea Therbusch had painted of him,^[85][86][87] he ironically said: “In order not to dishonour her brush, she has adorned my contorted face with the grace of youth.”^[88] Only a few years later, Therbusch's brother Christoph Friedrich Reinhold Lisiewski painted a portrait of the Prussian king that looks very different from his sister's,^[89][90] which is all the more surprising given that the siblings often collaborated on their paintings.^[91]

In 1781 Anton Graff painted Frederick the Great for the Prussian envoy in Dresden, Philipp Karl von Alvensleben. For this portrait and some later copies the monarch never sat. The artist is said to have observed the king from a distance when he attended a military parade and then made the picture from memory.^[92][93][94] It shows a bourgeois-looking king and, in its concentration on the physiognomy, reflects Graff's portrait style more than a king's claim to representation.^[95] Helmut Börsch-Supan assumes that Graff only corrected the facial features that he found “carved” in Franke's portrait in order to make them “more carnal, softer and human.”^[96]

In the case of eighteenth-century portraits of monarchs, less importance was attached to the likeness of the sitters, and more to the political and social role in which they wanted to be represented in public. For example, they were shown as rulers with scepter and ermine cloak^[97] or as competent military leaders, not what they looked like in their everyday life.^[98][99] According to art historian Frauke Mankartz, the recognizable "brand" was more important than realism.^[100] The king himself often said that his portraits did not resemble him,^[101] and his contemporaries, including Emperor Joseph II,^[102] were of the opinion that not a single painting depicted his face truthfully.^[103]

Indeed, Frederick had a pronounced aversion to sitting for portraits, which he consistently refused because he was convinced that he was ugly. "You have to be Apollo, Mars or Adonis to be painted, but since I do not have the honour of resembling one of these gentlemen, I have withdrawn my face from the painters' brush as much as it depended on me," he wrote to Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert in 1774.^[104] Furthermore, he said to the Marquis d’Argens: "There is so much talk about the fact that we terrestrial kings are made in the image of God. Then I look in the mirror and am obliged to say to myself: How unlucky for God!"^[105] After extensive analysis of different types of Frederick portraits, Andrea M. Kluxen arrives at the conclusion that there is no realistic image that accurately depicts Frederick's (ugly) facial features.^[106]

Idealized portrait of Frederick from The Flute Concert of Sanssouci by Adolph Menzel, 1852

Possible portrait of Frederick in Marriage A-la-Mode: 4. The Toilette by William Hogarth, 1743^[107]

The death mask of him, taken by John Eckstein on 17 August 1786,^{[108][109][110]} demonstrates precisely what had led the king to his conviction that he was extremely ugly: Frederick had a prominently hooked nose and little else to make him look handsome.^[111] This aquiline nose is not depicted in the official painted portraits. However, it is to be seen in a toned-down form in a print by Johann Georg Wille (1757)^[112][113] and in a bust by Bartolomeo Cavaceppi (completed in 1770).^[114][115] In her analysis of Frederick busts and statues, Saskia Hüneke also noticed that nearly all of them depict the nose in a relatively straight line. "In comparison, the wax pouring from the original form of the death mask does not show this line, so that it is more an ideal of the ancient Greek profile".^[116]

Only one artist seems to have shown the Prussian king as he really was, namely with an extremely clear aquiline nose and playing the flute in front of a symbol of homosexuality: the English painter William Hogarth, who depicted Frederick as such in his 1743 painting Marriage à-la-mode: 4. The Toilette. Art historian Bernd Krysmanski argues that Hogarth must have learned about Frederick's facial features from the Prussian engraver Georg Friedrich Schmidt whom he had visited in Paris in 1743 while seeking engravers for the engraved version of Marriage A-la-Mode.^[117][107] The features of the flautist depicted on the left of Hogarth's painting^[118][119] bear a striking resemblance to the death mask of Frederick,^[120] as does the face of the flautist in Simon François Ravenet's reversed engraving after Hogarth's painting (1745).^[121]

In the nineteenth century, the king became a popular subject in historical paintings and prints. Adolph Menzel depicted events from the life of Frederick both in the wood-engravings to illustrate the Geschichte Friedrichs des Grossen by Franz Kugler^[122][123] and in several of his paintings,^[124] including Frederick the Great Playing the Flute at Sanssouci as the most famous work.^[125] In these pictures he continues to avoid representing Frederick with a crooked nose,^[126] although he must have known the death mask of the Prussian king.^[127]

As during his lifetime Frederick protested against being depicted in monuments, only after his death numerous monuments were erected, including Johann Gottfried Schadow's Szczecin marble statue (1793)^[128][129] and Christian Daniel Rauch's Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great (Berlin, 1851).^{[130][131][132]}

Art historian Helmut Börsch-Supan concludes: “The king's indifference to his portrait ... and the difficulty of capturing his physical appearance in a picture, due to the mobility of his mind, have meant that there is no truly valid portrait of him. The insatiable need of contemporaries and posterity to have his portrait before their eyes was thus given free rein to deform it in any direction.”^[133]