Purian languages
Extinct Brazilian language group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Purian languages are a pair of dialects of a singular extinct language,[1] of eastern Brazil:
- Puri
- Coroado Puri (also known as Coroado)
distributionEast Brazil
| Purian | |
|---|---|
| Puri-Coroado | |
| Geographic distribution | East Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Puri people |
| Extinct | late 19th century |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | puri1261 |
Map of Purian and Macro-Jê languages | |
Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, was added by Loukotka (1935), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).[2]
Purian was initially part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.[3] Coroado and Puri are mutually intelligible with each other, and they are no longer regarded as being in the Macro-Jê family.[4]
The Waitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family, but this is not confirmable as no linguistic information was recorded.[5][6]
Geographical distribution
The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna, São Paulo). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in Minas Gerais.[2]
Internal classification
Dialects
Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:[7]
Other languages
Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages:[5]
- Caracatan - once spoken on the Caratinga River and Manhuaçu River, Minas Gerais.
- Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near Mariana, Minas Gerais.
- Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near Barbacena.
- Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River.
- Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the Piranga River and Branco River.
- Bocayú - on the Pomba River.
- Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais.
- Aredé - between Itabirito and Espinhaço.
- Guaraxué - between Ouro Preto, Mariana and Piranga.
- Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
- Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
- Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River.
- Xumeto - in the Serra da Mantiqueira, state of Rio de Janeiro.
- Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro.
- Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais.
- Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais.
- Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near Valença, Rio de Janeiro.
- Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the Pomba River and Doce River.
- Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River and in the vicinity of Cabo de São Tomé, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Attestation
The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:[2]
Puri:
- Martius (1863: 194–195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais).[8]
- Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio[9]
- Torrezão (1889: 511–513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais)[10]
- Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio
- Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
- Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River[11]
- Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro[12]
Vocabulary
Proto-language
| Proto-Puri | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Puri(an) language(s) |
Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.[13]: 39–41 Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for Puri, Coroado, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided.
no. English gloss
(translated)Portuguese gloss
(original)Proto-Purian Puri Coroado Koropó 1 water água *yaman yaman yaman 2 you (sg.) você *gá gá gá 3 tapir anta *painan penán painá 4 here aqui *kará kará kra 5 tree árvore *mpó mpo ãmpo 6 drink beber *mpa mpa pa 7 mouth boca *čore čore čore šore, čore 8 hair cabelo *ké ke gué iče, ke 9 head cabeça *kwe kwe ke 10 eat comer *maše paše maše makšina, maše 11 finger dedo *šapere šabrera šapere 12 day dia *opé opé ope 13 tooth dente *če uče če 14 star estrela *yuri šuri yuri dzuri, yuri 15 arrow flecha *apon apon apon 16 fire fogo *poté poté poté 17 cat gato *šapé šapi šapé 18 brother irmão *čatay šatã čatay šatay, čatay 19 daughter filha *šampe šampe-mpayma šãpe boema 20 leaf folha *čope dzoplé čope čupe 21 man homem *kwayman kuayma, hakorema kwayman kwayman 22 moon lua *petara petara petara 23 mother mãe *ayan ayan ayan ayan 24 maize milho *makπ makπ makπ 25 hand mão *šapore kore, šapeprera šapore, kokor¤e 26 mountain monte *pré pré pre pré 27 large mountain monte grande *pré-heroyma pré deka pré-heroyma pré-heroyma 28 much, very muito *purika prika purika 29 woman mulher *poyman mpayma poyman boeman 30 nose nariz *ni ni yẽ 31 boy menino *šapoma šapona šapoma 32 night noite *miriponan miriponan maripoyan merĩdan 33 eye olho *merĩ miri merĩ šwarĩ 34 ear orelha *pepéna bipina pepéna 35 father pai *are are uaré 36 bird pássaro *šipu šipu šapu 37 foot pé *čapere šaprera čapere čamprĩ 38 feather pluma *pé šipupé pe 39 pig porco *šorã sotanšira šorã 40 river rio *rorá mñama róra yamã rora kwã 41 sun sol *opé opé ope 42 afternoon tarde *tušahi tošora, tušahi šare 43 earth terra *oše guašé, ušó oše 44 trunk tronco *pranü pon-réna põ pranü 45 wind vento *džota džota nan dota narã dzota 46 belly ventre, barriga *tikĩ tikĩ tekĩ ičĩ 47 herb, plant, grass erva, planta, capim *šapuko šapúko, spangué šapuko šapuka
However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían.[2] Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê (Maxakalían branch).[14]
