Pyrgulopsis
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| Pyrgulopsis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Apertural view of a shell of †Pyrgulopsis nevadensis. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Subfamily: | Nymphophilinae |
| Genus: | Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886[1] |
| Diversity[2][3] | |
| 133 species | |
Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.
Description
Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous.[1] The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.[1]
The jaw is thin and membranaceous.[1] The radula is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: 4 + 1 + 4⁄1 + 1.[1]
Distribution
Species
Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus.[4]
Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:[5]
- Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1999 - Duckwater pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis anguina Hershler, 1989 - Longitudinal gland pyrg[6]
- Pyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor, 1987) - Apache springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis avernalis (Pilsbry, 1935) - Moapa pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis bacchus Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler & Gustafson, 2001[7]
- Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor, 1987) - San Bernardino springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, Liu & Gustafson, 2008[8]
- Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg & Taylor, 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry, 1935)
- Pyrgulopsis castaicensis Hershler & Liu, 2010[2]
- Pyrgulopsis chamberlini (Hershler, 1998) - smooth Glenwood pyrg[9]
- Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Taylor, 1987) - Chupadera springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis coloradensis Hershler, 1998 - Blue Point pyrg[10]
- Pyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor, 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis deaconi Hershler, 1998[11] - Spring Mountains Pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis deserta (Pilsbry, 1916) - desert springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry, 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis fusca (Hershler, 1998) - Otter Creek pyrg[12]
- Pyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor, 1987) - Gila springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis Hershler, 1998 - Hamlin Valley pyrg[13]
- Pyrgulopsis hendersoni (Pilsbry, 1933) - Harney Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Pilsbry, 1933) - Idaho springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010[3]
- Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis isolata Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor, 1987) - Toquerville springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis licina Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013[14]
- Pyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould, 1855)
- Pyrgulopsis marilynae (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014)[4]
- Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry & Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor, 1987) - Naegele springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry, 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis milleri Hershler & Liu, 2010[2]
- Pyrgulopsis minkleyi (D. W. Taylor, 1966)
- Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis nanus Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry, 1916) - Socorro springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns, 1883) - corded pyrg - type species
- Pyrgulopsis nonaria (Hershler, 1998) - Ninemile pyrg[15]
- Pyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor, 1987) - Pecos springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis perforata Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013[14]
- Pyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Median-gland Nevada springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis robusta (Walker, 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor, 1987) - Roswell springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis sanchezi Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013[14]
- Pyrgulopsis saxatilis (Hershler, 1998) - sub-globose snake pyrg[16]
- Pyrgulopsis similis (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay, 2014)[4]
- Pyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry, 1899) - Yaqui springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry, 1935) - Phantom cave snail[3]
- Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor, 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis transversa (Hershler, 1998) - southern Bonneville pyrg[17]
- Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor, 1987) - Three Forks springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis turbatrix Hershler, 1998[18] - Southeast Nevada Pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis variegata () - Northwest Bonneville pyrg[19]
- Pyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989
Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis[20] are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).[21]
- Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969
- Pyrgulopsis arga - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)
- Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker, 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)
- Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)
- Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)
- Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)
- Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
- Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1869)
