Pyrolite
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Pyrolite is a term used to characterize a model composition of the Earth's mantle. This model is based on that a pyrolite source can produce mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) by partial melting.[1][2] It was first proposed by Ted Ringwood (1962)[3] as being 1 part basalt and 4 parts harzburgite, but later was revised to being 1 part tholeiitic basalt and 3 parts dunite.[1][4] The term is derived from the mineral names pyroxene and olivine.[5] However, whether pyrolite is entirely representative of the Earth's mantle remains debated.[6]
The major elements composition of pyrolite is about 44.9 wt% SiO2, 4.44 wt% Al2O3, 8.03 wt% FeO, 3.54 wt% CaO, 37.71 wt% MgO, 0.36 wt% Na2O.[8]
1) A pyrolitic upper mantle is mainly composed of olivine (~60 volume percent (vol%)), clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and garnet.[9] Pyroxene would gradually dissolved into garnet and form majoritic garnet.[10]
2) A pyrolitic mantle transition zone is mainly composed of 60 vol% olivine-polymorphs (wadsleyite, ringwoodite) and ~40 vol% majoritic garnet. The top and bottom boundary of the mantle transition zone are mainly marked by olivine-wadsleyite transition and ringwoodite-perovskite transition, respectively.
3) A pyrolitic lower mantle is mainly composed of magnesium perovskite (~80 vol%), ferroperclase (~13 vol%), and calcium perovskite (~7%). In addition, post-perovskite may present at the bottom of the lower mantle.
Seismic velocity and density properties
The P-wave and S-wave velocities (Vp and Vs) of pyrolite along the 1600 K adiabatic geotherm are shown in Fig. 2,[2] and its density profile is shown in Fig. 3.[2]
At the boundary between the upper mantle and the mantle transition zone (~410 km), Vp, Vs, and density jump by ~6%, ~6%, and ~4% in a pyrolite model,[2] respectively, which are mainly attributed to the olivine-wadsleyite phase transition.[11]
At the boundary between the mantle transition zone and the lower mantle, Vp, Vs, and density jump by ~3%, ~6%, and ~6% in a pyrolite model, respectively.[2] With more elasticity parameters available, the Vp, Vs, and density profiles of pyrolite would be updated.
Shortcomings
Whether pyrolite could represent the ambient mantle remains debated.
In the geochemical aspect, it does not satisfy trace elements or isotopic data of mid-ocean ridge basalts because the pyrolite hypothesis is based on major elements and some arbitrary assumptions (e.g. amounts of basalt and melting in the source).[1] It may also violate mantle heterogeneity.[12]
In the geophysical aspect, some studies suggest that seismic velocities of pyrolite do not match well with the observed global seismic models (such as preliminary reference Earth model (PREM)) in the Earth's interior,[6] whereas some studies support the pyrolite model.[13]
