Quadruplication (linguistics)

Quadruplication (Chinese: 四叠字, literally "four-fold characters") is a method of forming CJK characters via ideographic repetition. Ken Lunde describes these characters as "clusters of four or more identical elements, along with three identical elements in a row arranged horizontally or vertically".^[1] These characters were mostly used in Old Chinese writings and are no longer commonly used, except as components in some modern Han ideographs such as 惙.^[2]