Rabi' al-Awwal
Third month of the Islamic calendar
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Rabi' al-Awwal (Arabic: رَبِيع ٱلْأَوَّل, romanized: Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal), also known as Rabi' al-Ula (رَبِيع ٱلْأُولَىٰ, Rabīʿ al-ʾŪlā; lit. 'The first Rabi') or Rabi' I, is the third month of the Islamic calendar. The name Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal means 'the first month' or 'the beginning of spring', referring to its position in the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar.
| Rabi' al-Awwal | |
|---|---|
Indian Muslims with green flags for Mawlid | |
| Native name | رَبِيع ٱلْأَوَّل (Arabic) |
| Calendar | Islamic calendar |
| Month number | 3 |
| Number of days | 29–30 (depends on actual observation of the moon's crescent) |
| Significant days | |
Meaning
The word "Rabi" means "spring" and Al-awwal means "the first" in the Arabic language, so "Rabi' al-awwal" means "the first spring" in Arabic. The name seems to have to do with the celebratory events in the month, as spring marks the end of winter (a symbol of sadness) and consequently the start of happiness. As the Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar, the month naturally rotates over solar years, so Rabīʽ al-awwal can fall in spring or any other season. Therefore, the month cannot be related to the actual season of spring.[1]
And it's mentioned in the Arabic lexicons that Arabs add the word "month" to Rabi' al-Awwal, Rabi' al-Akhir and Ramadan months only, and most of them allow adding the word "month" to the other months too.[2][3][4]
Mawlid
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The Mawlid (Arabic: مولد) is an annual festival commemorating the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad on the traditional date of 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar.
The Muslim general Gökböri, a deputy of Saladin (r. 1174–1193), is believed to have been the first to publicly celebrate Mawlid, which he did in an impressive ceremony at the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. The Ottomans under Murad III (r. 1574–1595) declared it an official holiday.
Celebrants hold mahfils on Mawlid in which religious poetry is recited in praise of Muhammad accompanied by a feast. Other customs affiliated with Mawlid are supererogatory fasting, Music and dhikr.
The Mawlid observance is a recognized national holiday in most Muslim-majority countries of the world. It is generally approved by Shia Muslims as well as three Sunni schools of law, Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i. However, the Deobandi and Salafi movements and Hanbali school consider the Mawlid a reprehensible bid'a (innovation) and prohibit its observance. Some denominations of Islam do not approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday, as they claim that there is no evidence from the Prophet and his companions that supports this day.[citation needed]
Timing
The Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Rabī‘ al-Awwal migrates throughout the seasons. The estimated start and end dates for Rabī‘ al-Awwal are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia[5]):
| AH | First day (CE/AD) | Last day (CE/AD) | Mawlid date (CE/AD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1446 | 4 September 2024 | 3 October 2024 | 15 September 2024 |
| 1447 | 24 August 2025 | 22 September 2025 | 4 September 2025 |
| 1448 | 14 August 2026 | 11 September 2026 | 25 August 2026 |
| 1449 | 3 August 2027 | 1 September 2027 | 14 August 2027 |
| 1450 | 23 July 2028 | 21 August 2028 | 3 August 2028 |
Islamic events
- 01 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 897 AH, the fall of the Emirate of Granada, the final Muslim kingdom of al-Andalus
- 08 Rabī‘ al-Awwal, death of Imam Hassan Al-Askari Twelver Imām, Hasan al-‘Askarī (see: Chup Tazia)
- 09 Rabī‘ al-Awwal, Eid e shuja
- 12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal, Sunni Muslims observe Mawlid in commemoration of Muhammad's birthday
- 13 Rabi‘ al-Awwal, Death of Umm Rubab (beloved wife of Imam Hussain)
- 17 Rabī‘ al-Awwal, Shia celebrate the birthday of the Imām Ja‘far al-Sādiq.
- 18 Rabī‘ al-Awwal, birth of Umm Kulthum bint Ali
- 26 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 1333 AH, death of Khwaja Sirajuddin Naqshbandi, a Naqshbandi Sufi shaykh
Other events:
- The Hijra (migration) took place in this month
- Eid-e-Zahra (a.k.a. Eid e shuja), a celebration of Shi‘ah Muslims
- Marriage of Muhammad to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
- Building of the Quba Mosque (first mosque in Islam)
- The week including 12th and 17th is called Islamic Unity Week in Iran to address both Sunni and Shia views on the birth date of Muhammad.[6]