Rachid Ramda

Ramda was granted refugee status in the United Kingdom.^{[when?][why?]} After the 1995 bombings in France, he was arrested in London on 4 November 1995, accused by French prosecutors of having funded the bombings and of being their mastermind.^[1] Ramda has denied the funding role, citing a report from the Scotland Yard inspector John MacMillan of 23 November 1995, which stated that "no bank accounts have been identified which could be associated with Ramda, or the other possible names used."^[1] He did, however, admit that his fingerprints had been found on a Western Union money order of 38,000 francs sent to the bomber Ait Ali Belkacem. Ramda claimed that he did not know Ait Ali Belkacem; he has also denied knowing the other bomber, Boualem Bensaid.^[1] Ramda was detained in the HSSU high-security unit of Belmarsh prison in London, which he has compared to Guantanamo.^[1]

France requested the extradition of Ramda from the United Kingdom; Ramda successfully fought extradition until 2005. The refusal of British authorities to extradite Ramda was a point of contention between France and the UK, with many in France and elsewhere alleging that the British government was deliberately lenient to Islamist terrorists operating outside of the UK in order to buy peace in the UK (the alleged "Londonistan" policy). In fact, British ministers repeatedly tried to extradite Ramda, but had their decisions overturned by the British High Court.^[2][3] The July 2005 London bombings changed sentiment and paved the way for Ramda's extradition in December 2005.^[4]

After exhausting all his appeals, Ramda was handed over to French custody on 1 December 2005. Transferred to the Palais de Justice of Paris, he was formally informed of four indictments laid against him by the French justice: one for criminal association with a terrorist organisation (specifically for providing funding to the GIA, and three in relation to three terrorist attacks in Paris in 1995.^{[citation needed]} The former, being a "délit", i.e. a crime of intermediate seriousness, would be tried in the Tribunal Correctionnel; and the latter three, considered felonies (that is, carrying a possible sentence of more than 10 years) in the Cour d'assises.^{[citation needed]}

On 29 March 2006 Ramda was convicted of criminal association with a terrorist organisation and sentenced to ten years in prison by the Tribunal Correctionel, the maximum possible sentence. He had refused to co-operate in his own defense. This sentence was confirmed by the Appeal Court in December 2006.^[5]

In an October 2007 interview with Libération, Ramda rejected accusations that he was a mastermind of the Algerian radical Islamist movement and a prominent figure of the GIA.^[1]

The prosecution has showed his fingerprints were on a Western Union money order of 38,000 francs sent to the bomber Ait Ali Belkacem. Ramda claims that he did not know Belkacem, although he admits that it was his fingerprints on the money order. He claims that the prosecution has given a false interpretation of this evidence.^[1] Further evidence submitted by the prosecution concerns wiretaps of phone communications between Ramda and the bombers in France, a short time before and after the bombings. According to Ramda, he has not been allowed to listen to these wiretaps, and he doubts they exist.^[1] He denied having phoned the bombers and knowing them.^[1]

Ramda stated that detention conditions in France were similar to Belmarsh, and that he was badly treated by French police. He declared that he thought, at first, that this was specific to terror suspects, but now he believes that all detainees are treated this way.^[1]

Another trial against him began in October 2007 before the Cour d'assises.^[5] The bombers Bensaïd and Belkacem were both given life sentences in 2002, but Ramda's case had been severed from theirs.^[6] He was charged of "complicity of assassination in relation with a terrorist enterprise".^[6] He was convicted in this trial on 26 October 2007, and given a life sentence, with the requirement that he serve at least twenty-two years.^[7][8]