Racial Adjustment Action Society
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The Racial Adjustment Action Society (or Raas, which in Jamaican connotes buttocks or arse)[1][2] was a Black Power movement formed in 1965,[3] following visits of Malcolm X in 1964 and 1965.[4][5] Its founders were Michael de Freitas (Abdul Malik) who had emigrated to London in 1957 from Trinidad and had renamed himself Michael X, and Roy Sawh.[6][7][8] It has been described as the forerunning Black Power organization in Britain of the time.[9] RAAS was considered to be 'stridently militant', and in 1967 Michael X was jailed for incitement to racial hatred.[10] Roy Sawh was also jailed for incitement to racial hatred.[3]