Redshank (soldier)
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Redshank was a nickname for Scottish mercenaries from the Highlands and Western Isles contracted to fight in Ireland; they were a prominent feature of Irish armies throughout the 16th century. They were called redshanks because they went dressed in plaids and waded bare-legged through rivers in the coldest weather. An alternative etymology, illustrated by Jamieson by a quote from Sir Walter Scott, is that it referred to the untanned deer leather buskins worn by Highlanders, although Jamieson notes that Scott's source, John Elder of Caithness, actually stated its origin was from their habit of going "bare-legged and bare-footed".[1] The term was not derogatory, as the English were in general impressed with the redshanks' qualities as soldiers.[2]
The redshanks were usually armed alike, principally with bows (the short bow of Scotland and Ireland, rather than the longbow of Wales and England) and, initially, two-handed claymores or Lochaber axes. English observers reported that some Highlanders fighting in Ireland wore chain mail, long obsolete elsewhere.[3]
Later in the period, they may have adopted the targe and single-handed broadsword, a style of weaponry originally fashionable in early 16th-century Spain from where its use could have spread to Ireland.[4] Combined with the use of muskets, this credited by some writers to have influenced the development of what was later referred to as the "highland charge", a tactic of firing a single coordinated musket volley before closing at a run with sword and targe.[5] However, this is strongly disputed and evidence from earlier periods such as at the first Battle of Inverlochy or the Stettin Woodblock of 1631 indicate that the volley and charge tactic originates in earlier tactics such as the "Boars Snout" to smash shield walls and in the mobile tactics of the Cathearneachd. Many clan levies, however, could have remained relatively poorly armed.