Reuben Parsons

A native of New England, Parsons originally arrived in New York City with the intention of starting his own business. He lost the small fortune he had brought with him, several thousand dollars, in a gambling house soon after his arrival. Impressed by how quickly he had lost his money, he instead decided to open his own gambling house and used his entrepreneurial skills to build a successful gambling empire by financing other gamblers. He also differed from typical gamblers by being "dressed plainly and was unassuming in manner". Parsons also refrained from publicly appearing at his establishments, allowing John Frink to handle the day-to-day operations, and never gambled after his first experience.^[1]

From 1840 until the 1860s, he and Frink controlled around 350 gambling parlors in Manhattan ^[2] as well as employed a network of spies and informants. Their organization lacked any formal structure however, as least compared to the organized crime syndicates seen during the next century, and most operators retained independent control of their own establishments. Parsons used his income from gambling which he invested in real estate and was eventually able to retire. His operations were continued by Zachariah Simmons, supported by the Tweed Ring, who ran illegal gambling and the "policy rackets" during the post-Civil War era.^[3]

• Asbury, Herbert. Sucker's Progress: An Informal History of Gambling in America from the Colonies to Canfield. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1938.
• Chafetz, Henry. Play the Devil: A History of Gambling in the United States from 1492 to 1955. New York: Potter Publishers, 1960.
• Cornell Law Project. The Development of the Law of Gambling: 1776-1976. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1977.