Rhacophorus kio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Black-webbed treefrog | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rhacophorus kio | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Rhacophoridae |
| Genus: | Rhacophorus |
| Species: | R. kio |
| Binomial name | |
| Rhacophorus kio Ohler and Delorme, 2006 | |
Rhacophorus kio is a species of flying frog in the family Rhacophoridae and is found in the rainforests of southeast Asia, in countries such as China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its ability to glide and its adhesive toe pads make it well adapted to its habitat of the rainforest. Prior to a 2006 study by Annemarie Ohler and Magali Delorme, R. kio and R. reinwardtii were thought to be the same species. The common name black-webbed treefrog can refer to either species.[2] Compared to other frog species in the area, R. kio not only creates a foam nest that holds their eggs, but also creates a structure with leaves that will wrap around the eggs. While the conservation status of the species is currently classified as of least concern by the IUCN Red List, R. kio faces habitat loss from deforestation to make space for agriculture and other human influences.[3]
Differences between Rhacophorus kio and R. reinwardtii
The tadpoles of Rhacophorus kio are a light olive color with a white colored abdomen. The fins of the tadpole are mainly colorless, with the edges near the tail being a lighter grey color. The body of the tadpole is oval-shaped, widest around the gill area, and displays a rounded snout. In its final stages of development, the tadpole will be around 43 – 52 mm in size.[4]
The size of the adult frog is between 58 – 79 mm which is much larger than Rhacophorus reinwardtii, serving as a way to tell the difference between the two species.[5]
The dorsal side of R. kio is grass green in color with darker green sections, while the lower part of its flanks are a dark brown color. The dorsal side of the frog is marked with white spots while its sides are marked with yellow spots. The ventral side of the frog is yellow in color. The thigh of Rhacophorus kio is grass green with the posterior region possessing an orange-yellow color. There is a distinct and large black spot clearly visible near the armpit regions. Both the toes and fingers of R. kio are webbed and are an orange-yellow color. There is also a black spot in-between each of the toes and fingers.[6]
Rhacophorus kio and R. reinwardtii were thought to be the same species prior to 2006. This is attributed to how difficult the species is to detect when it is not breeding and the relatively small breeding populations of R. kio. These characteristics lead to the rarity of the frog species in museum collections, and in turn, less information about these frog species causing these two different species to be classified as one.[6]
Compared to R. reinwardtii, R. kio are larger in size with a greater snout-vent length. However, R. kio have both a narrower and shorter head size. R. kio also have smaller sized toe pads. One of the distinguishing characteristics between the two species is the difference in webbing. For R. kio, the longitudinal lines on the webbing are orange and yellow in color, while for R. reinwardtii these longitudinal lines are of a bluish white color. Additionally, the black spot on the webbing for R. kio is only at the base of the webbing. For R. reinwardtii, the black coloration extends all the way from the base of the webbing to the edges.[6]
Habitat
R. kio are native to the rainforests of south-east Asia, and are found between elevations of 200 m and 1,800 m. They live in the closed-canopy of primary and secondary evergreen rainforests.[3] R. kio have been observed in the rainforest canopy of southwest China at a height of 57 m.[7] This is surprising since they are usually found in the cover of the canopy, as it offers protection from the weather and predators as opposed to the drier top of the canopy which is less suitable for amphibians. Researchers suspect that they were found at the top of the canopy due to the presence of insects and other potential food sources found at that height.[7]
Distribution
Rhacophorus kio is native to the rainforests of south-east Asia. R. kio can be found in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. In China, they can be found in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces. In Laos, they can be found in the Bokeo, Khammouan, and Phongsaly provinces. In Thailand, they can be found in the Chiang Mai and Tak provinces. In Vietnam, they can be found in the Gia Lai, Ha Tinh, Lao Cai, Quang Binh, and Than Hoa provinces.[6]
Even though the distribution of the species is spread across much of southeast Asia, most of the area is not favorable as hills and mountains are not good breeding locations for these frogs. Instead, R. kio depend on undisturbed canopies, marshes, and ponds within primary rainforests which are threatened due to continued deforestation in Asia.[6]
Conservation
As of April 2017, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has R. kio listed in the category of Least Concern even though the population is severely fragmented. There have been sightings of up to 10 males near breeding locations, suggesting that, while there are some locations where the subpopulation of Rhacophorus kio is small, there are still locations with larger subpopulations.[6] Currently, the habitats of Rhacophorus kio face the greatest threat from deforestation due to agriculture, and are affected to a smaller degree by disturbances of breeding pools caused by pollution.[8]
Currently, some of the areas where R. kio is found are under protection. Such locations include Nam Lan Forest Conservation Area, Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Ben En National Park, and Thuong Tien Nature Reserve.[8] More research needs to be done to show just how much of the habitat and breeding sites of R. kio are under protection, the full range and total population of the species, and to what extent certain threats are affecting the habitat of R. kio. This information will allow for better informed conservation decisions to be made.[8]
