Rina Melli

Rina worked with great commitment within the Ferrarese socialist leadership group, which needed a woman to organize the female component of the labor movement, and showed immediately that she had talent and charisma. She went directly to the Ferrara countryside to reach out to women workers and soon gained great popularity.

Beginning in 1897, in the Ferrara countryside, an impressive wave of strikes had begun which lasted until 1902 and which, despite harsh repression, led tens of thousands of laborers and boars to abstain from work. The strikes highlighted the need to tackle the agrarian question, namely the seasonal chronic unemployment of the laborers and the unsustainability of the ancient relations between masters and settlers, which were gradually being replaced by new relations between wage laborers. That experience represented, with the struggles of Bologna, the heart of the strikes in Italy. The harsh repression, with arrests, trials and convictions, did not prevent wages from being raised thanks to those struggles and the commitment to draw up new colonial contracts, written for the first time.

Particularly painful was the condition of female work which, like child labor, did not enjoy legal protection. For this reason, Melli was particularly committed to union activity aimed at women workers, setting up leagues and organizing socialist circles, often dedicated to Anna Kuliscioff, whom she met. From February 1901, the Ferrara peasant movement undertook an extraordinary organizational and political growth that had no equal in any other Italian province.

Rina's fervent political activity and her consequent popularity made her the target of the opposing press. In reaction to the intrusion of women on political life, the Catholic paper Domenica dell'Operaia referred to her as "the Jewish woman Rina" and wrote: "We also had to get this to see the propaganda of socialism made by women, some of whom roam the countryside, talking in closed or open places, excite men and women to strike, to resist, build leagues and beat the bass drum for the cause of future collectivism. Women, women! It must be said that in them the hysterical phenomena have assumed frightening proportions."^[1]

Rina collaborated with the editorial staff of La Scintilla, a socialist magazine directed by her husband, writing articles on the condition of women and also intervening critically with respect to the initiatives of the socialist leadership.

Melli later felt the need to start a socialist newspaper aimed at women workers and that is why, on 15 June 1901, Eva became the first women's magazine published in Italy. The aim was to educate women workers (especially agricultural workers) in politics through the newspaper, using simple language that is also accessible to those who did not have high levels of education, in order to accelerate the growth of the socialist movement. From the articles published in Eva it clearly emerged that Rina's political stance was that of a reformist and humanitarian socialism, which had Camillo Prampolini as its inspiration.

However, the magazine did not deal only with the material conditions of working mothers: Eva published a column entitled "From the Field to the Table" inviting readers to study and participate in the vast intellectual movement that was taking place in the sense of "a continuous emancipation, a progressive elevation of the feminine soul." After moving to Genoa in 1902, Rina continued with the publication of Eva, which grew to produce six thousand copies. However, in August 1903 the publication of had to stop, due to both financial and family problems.