Rump state
Reduced territory of a once-larger state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of annexation, occupation, secession, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.[2]
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Examples
Ancient history
- During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.[3][4][5]
- The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.[6]
- After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.[7]
Post-classical history
Guge and Maryul were rump states of the Tibetan Empire.[8][9]
The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.[10]
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.[11]- After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.[12]
- Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.[13]
- After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.[14][15]
Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.[16][17][18]
After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[19]
After the Fragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the Great Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until the Crimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city of New Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory.
The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[20]
After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[21]
After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[22]
Despite having two lords, one of them the king of France, Andorra was part of the Principality of Catalonia until the Nueva Planta decrees (1715), after the Catalan defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession. To avoid the application of Nueva Planta to Andorra, the Bishop of Urgell (the other lord of Andorra) convinced the new Spanish Bourbon authorities that the Valleys of Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to the Principality of Catalonia, resulting in the political separation of Andorra from Catalonia.[23]
The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding areas after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Zands and Durrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.
Modern history
The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two-thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.[24]
The Vatican City can be considered a rump state of the Papal States (756–1870). The Papal States fell in 1870 when Rome was captured by Italy. The pope was confined to a small area known as the Vatican hill, which included St Peter’s basilica and walled off from the rest of Italy. In 1929, The Lateran treaty was signed which formed the Vatican City as an independent state with jurisdiction and authority of the Roman Catholic Church keeping many Papal state institutions as remnants.[25]
The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate[26] and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[27]
The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.[28][29][30]
In 1918–1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919),[31] the Hungarian Republic.[32]
The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.[33]
In 1940, Vichy France became a rump state of France after the fall of France. While northern France and the Atlantic coast were occupied by Germany. Vichy France’s unoccupied territory was reduced to the south with Vichy as the administrative capital during the Period and Philippe Petain as head of state. Germany soon would occupy all of France while the Vichy government still remained in place. In 1944, the regime went into exile in Sigmaringen as the exterritorial Sigmaringen enclave until it was officially abolished in August 1944.[34]
In September 1943, the Kingdom of Italy was reduced to a rump state, then nicknamed the Kingdom of the South, while the Italian Social Republic, a Nazi-installed puppet state, controlled most of its territory. With Allied support, the Kingdom of Italy gradually regained control over Italian territory, achieving victory in April 1945.[35][36][37]
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.[38] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.[39]
Taiwan under the Kuomintang rule was the rump state of the Republic of China left over after the retreat from the mainland.[40] The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.[41]
The Republic of Turkey was a rump state left over in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).[42]
The Russian Federation was the rump state and legal successor of the Soviet Union, following its dissolution in 1991.[43]
The Democratic Republic of Yemen was the rump state of South Yemen; established during the 1994 Yemeni civil war, it eventually collapsed once the Government retook control.
Until the fall of Damascus on 8 December 2024, the remaining territory once held by Ba'athist Syria consisted on Damascus (encircled by the rebels) and three western coastal Alawite-majority governorates of Latakia and Tartus which were part of the historical Alawite State.[44]
