SN 2010jl

The classification as Type IIn showed that the supernova was interacting with the circumstellar medium (CSM). The supernova itself produces the broad emission, the flash-ionized circumstellar medium produces on the other hand the Type IIn typical narrow-line emission features.^[1] Observations with Chandra-ACIS X-ray showed absorption features caused by circumstellar matter. At the time of the observation it was one of the most luminous supernovae observed in X-rays.^[5]

Observations with Hubble detected near-infrared excess that lasted for 400 days. While the early near-infrared detection is dominated by the supernova, the later near-infrared detection becomes more dominated by the infrared echo. The echo is caused by pre-existing circumstellar dust that does not interact with the supernova, but that scatters the light of the supernova.^[6]

A later study with Gemini and Spitzer showed that infrared excess persisted until the end of the observations on day 1367 after the discovery. This very late detection of infrared excess cannot be explained with an infrared echo alone. Between days 260 and 464 the near-infrared jumps in brightness and then slowly fades until day 1000. The jump in near-infrared brightness is explained with the formation of new dust.^[1]

The formation of new dust can be shown by several other features. 2010jl showed on the one hand infrared excess caused by thermal radiation of the newly formed dust. It also showed blueshift of the emission-lines, which is caused by the dust blocking the material that is further away from our line of sight. A third line of evidence is increased fading in the optical, which could not be shown due to lacking observations in a specific timespan. It was determined that the supernova produced about 0.005-0.01 M_☉ (about 5-10 Jupiter masses) of predominantly carbon dust grains by the day 1400.^[1]

Following the discovery of 2010jl, several other Type IIn supernovae with long-lasting infrared excess were discovered. Their H- and K-band and mid-infrared light curve is dominated by two increases of the brightness.^[7] The first increase appears during the discovery and is attributed to the CSM interaction and the light echo. The second increase is attributed to the formation of new dust. After the second increase the infrared light curve shows a fading.

The following 2010jl-like supernovae are known: SN 2014ab,^[8] SN 2015da^[7] and SN 2017hcc.^[9] The supernova ASASSN-15ua is also mentioned to be similar to 2010jl.^[7] Additionally there are Type II supernovae with mid-infrared light curves that are similar to 2010jl.^[10]