Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest

The forest has not suffered from serious natural disturbances such as fires, wind storms or insect infestations for a very long time. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees of the forest have never been disturbed by human activities, although a few northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) have been cut. The forest stands are at least 270 to 290 years old, and have been able to evolve naturally. There are senescent trees and much wood debris in different stages of decomposition. There are cedars almost 300 years old with trunk diameters of 65 centimetres (26 in), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) 250 years old with heights of 25 metres (82 ft) and trunks at least 60 centimetres (24 in) in diameter. Given the high latitude and poor soil conditions, the size of the trees is remarkable.^[3]

The main stands of the old forest are stands of fir and cedar, in some cases including white pine. The last outbreak of spruce budworm in 1975–1985 reduced the dominance of the fir, and since then several trees have been blown down by the wind, but only in small areas. The abundant paper birch (Betula papyrifera), almost always in open areas, indicates the frequency of minor disturbances. The fir/cedar stands have large numbers of cedars from 200 to 300 years old, with trunk diameters of 42 to 65 centimetres (17 to 26 in). The fir/cedar/white pine stands have white pines more than 230 years old, 25 metres (82 ft) tall and with trunks 50–60 centimetres (20–24 in) in diameter. The abundance of fir in the understory, often with cedar, indicates that these two species will remain dominant for several decades.^[3] The white pines, which are at the limit of their natural range, are mostly old specimens located in rocky sites on escarpments.^[1]