Piaroa–Saliban languages
Proposed Orinoco Basin language family
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The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : Sálivan), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.
- Piaroa–Saliban
- Saliban
- Piaroan
Languages
Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family.
The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family.[2][3]
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Jukude, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.[4]
Lozano (2014:212)[5] has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.[4]: 330–331
External relations
Zamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Saliban. He considers a genealogical relationship plausible, though data on Betoi is scarce.[3]
There are lexical similarities with the Hotï language (Jodï), and this has been interpreted as evidence for a Jodï–Saliban language family.[6][7] However, the similarities have also been explained as contact.[3]
Jolkesky (2009) includes Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi and Hodi in a Duho family along with Ticuna–Yuri.[4]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[2]
Rosés Labrada (2019)[7]: 280–281 lists the following Swadesh-list items that are reconstructable to Proto-Sáliban.
no. gloss Sáliba Piaroa Wirö 13 bite (v) ɲĩpe j̃ɨ ʤ̃ɨbɨ 15 blood kʷau ʧukʷɤha ʧukʷi iʦobu 22 cold dia dijɑwɑʔɑ tiʤua 31 drink (v) õgʷe ɑwu owɨ 36 soil sẽxẽ ɾẽhẽ nihi 37 eat (v) ikʷe ku kuanɨ 38 egg hiea ijæ iʤapo 39 eye pahute ʧiʔæhæɾe ʧɨbahale 41 far oto ɤtɤ ɨdɨ 42 fat/oil õdete ɑ̃dẽ õte 49 fish pahĩdi pɤĩ bãĩ 53 flower sebapu æʔu ĩʦãbũ 66 hand umo ʧũmu ʧɨmamu 70 heart omaidi ʧɑ̃mi isɤkˀi ʧomahade 71 heavy umaga ɑmækɑʔɑ ɨmɨka 96 meat dea ʧidepæ itebia 99 mouth aha ʧæ ʧaa 106 nose ĩxu ʧ̃ɨhĩjũ ʧĩʤũ 116 red/yellow dua tũɑ̃ʔɑ̃ duwɨ 119 river oxe ɑhe ohʷe 120 path maana mænæ mana/mãlã 138 sky mũma sẽxẽ moɾɤ̃hæ̃ m̃ɨlẽhẽ 139 sleep (v) ae æʔɨ abɨ 144 snake ɟakʷi ækɑ akoˀda 152 star sipodi siɾikˀɤ ʦiɾiʔi 158 swell (v) hipame hiæmɑʔɑ hebamɨ 172 tongue anane ʧine ʧinene 176 two (anim) tuxũdu tɑ̃hũ dũhũtaha 179 hot duda duɑʔɑ tuba 184 what? ãdaha dæhe tahi 187 white dea teɑʔɑ dewɨ 188 who? ãdiha di ti 195 woman ɲaxu isahu iʦuhu