Tucanoan languages
Language family of South America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Geographic
distributionAmazon
distributionAmazon
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
- Eastern
- Western
| Tucanoan | |
|---|---|
| Tukánoan | |
| Geographic distribution | Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | tuca1253 |
East Tukano (nuclear green), Central Tukano (turquoise green) and West Tukano (dark green). Dots indicate current locations of the various languages. Shaded areas indicate their extents before the 20th century. | |
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]
Classification
Chacon (2014)
There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]
- Tucanoan
- Western Tucanoan
- ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
- Napo
- Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
- Correguaje–Secoya
- Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
- Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
- Eastern Tucanoan
- South
- West
- East
- Central
- North
- Western Tucanoan
Plus unclassified Miriti.†
Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968) |
|---|
|
Proto-language
Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[6]
| gloss | proto-Tukanoan |
|---|---|
| 3rd.person.masculine | *-pi |
| agouti | *wuɨ |
| ant sp. | *meka |
| aracu fish[7] | *p’ot’ika |
| armadillo | *pãmu |
| back | *sõkɨ |
| bat | *ojo |
| big | *pahi |
| (to) bite | *kũ |
| black | *tj’ĩ |
| black ink (jenipapo) | *weʔe |
| blood | *tj’ie |
| blow | *pu- |
| bone | *k’oʔa |
| (to) break | *p’ope (*poa) |
| breast | *upe |
| buriti palm | *neʔe |
| capybara | *kuetju |
| cara (Dioscorea alata) | *japi |
| case | *-t’e |
| centipede; boa | *jãk’i |
| charcoal (1) | *nitti |
| charcoal (2); grease | *neo |
| cheek | *wajo |
| chew | *tj’ãk’ɨ |
| chili | *p’ia |
| cold | *tjɨsi |
| kapok | *jɨi |
| (to) cut | *t’ɨtte |
| dance / ritualized songs | *p’aja |
| deer | *jama |
| dove | *ƭʃɨ- |
| duck | *p’ete |
| ear | *k’ãp’o |
| egg | *tj’ia |
| elder | *p’ɨkɨ |
| elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) | *kaja |
| (to) end | *pet’i |
| excrement | *k’ɨt’a |
| face | *tj’ia |
| father | *pa-kɨ |
| feminine | *-k’o |
| fire / firewood | *peka |
| fish; fish sp. (?) | *waʔi |
| (to) fish with a net; strain, remove | *wajo |
| fishing net | *p’api |
| float | *paʔja |
| flower | *k’oʔo |
| foot | *k’ɨp’o |
| fruit sp. | *toa |
| Inga (fruit sp.) | *p’ene |
| garden; outside; village | *wese |
| gather / collect | *tʃɨ-a |
| grandfather | *jẽkku- |
| grape | *ɨʔje |
| grass | *taja |
| green / blue / not ripe | *tjɨ̃p’e |
| hand; palm (of the hand) | *pɨtɨ |
| head | *tj’ɨpo |
| heavy | *t’ɨkkɨ |
| heron | *jahi |
| hole | *k’ope |
| hot; heat | *atjɨ |
| house; anthill | *wɨ’e |
| hummingbird | *mimi |
| I | *jɨʔɨ |
| insect sp. | *tjusi |
| jaguar | *jai |
| kingfisher | *tjãsa |
| know | *masi |
| lake | *tj’itta |
| land / territory / region | *jep’a |
| larva | *p’ekko |
| leg; hips; knee | *jɨ̃ka |
| locative / part-of-a-whole | *-t’o |
| distant | *tj’oa |
| macaw | *maha |
| man | *ɨmɨ |
| manioc | *kɨi |
| monkey | *takke |
| monkey sp. / coati | *sisi |
| mosquito | *mɨte |
| mouth | *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo) |
| name | *wãmi |
| navel | *tʃõp’ɨ |
| non-3rd animate person | -p’ɨ |
| nose | *ɨ̃kʷ’e |
| paca | *seme |
| pacu fish | *uhu |
| palm weevil | *pĩko |
| parrot | *wekko |
| path | *maʔa |
| peccary | *tjẽse |
| penis | *no- |
| people; 1.pl.inclusive | *p’ã-tjã |
| (to) plant | *otte |
| poison | *tjima |
| pot / ceramics / clay | *sot- |
| pupunha palm | *ɨne |
| red | *sõʔa |
| river | *tj’ia |
| root | *t’ɨ̃k ’o |
| (to) rub | *sĩk’e |
| (to) sit | |
| (to) sleep | *kã- |
| (to) smoke meat | *sɨʔjo |
| snake | *ãja |
| spider | *p’ɨpɨ |
| spirit; ancestral | *wãtti |
| (to) squeeze | *p’ipo |
| (to) stop | *nɨk’V |
| stone | *k’ɨ̃ta |
| stump; stick, club | *tu-tu |
| (to) swell | *p’upi |
| tapir | *wekkɨ |
| termite | *p’utu |
| thorn; fishhook | *pota |
| three | *ɨt’ia |
| thunder | *wɨ̃po |
| toad sp. | *p’opa |
| tobacco | *mɨt’o |
| tocandira ant | *piata |
| tongue / liver | *tj’eme |
| tooth | *k’õpi |
| tortoise; turtle | *k’oɨ |
| toucan | *tj’ase (?) |
| traira fish | *t’oje |
| tree | *tjũkkɨ |
| (to) urinate | *k’one |
| urucum (achiote) | *p’õsa |
| (to) wait | *kʷɨt’e |
| wasp | *utti |
| water | *okko |
| white; whitewash | *p’o- |
| wife | *t’ɨ̃po |
| wind | *wĩno |
| woman | *t’õmi- |
| woodpecker | *kone |
| yam | *jãp’o |
| you all | *mɨ-tja |
