Saman (novel)

Junaidi notes that although Saman is about a female's perspective of sexuality, it also deals with the authoritarianism of Suharto's regime of the New Order, including the repression of human rights activists. In a 2005 interview with The Jakarta Post, Utami said that her critique of the New Order is still relevant; at the time of the interview, she saw the Suharto government as having left Indonesia with a legacy of what she calls "nuclear waste", including a loss of Indonesia's agricultural ability.^[2] In the interview, Utami also noted that Indonesians had become corrupt and lazy, increasingly bureaucratic, and without a feeling of sportsmanship.^[2]

Utami has also noted that the novel is a reflection of her own restlessness and anxiety. Although little of it directly reflects events in her life, she notes that Saman's loss of religion reflects her own, and the book reflects her belief that a double standard exists regarding virginity in Indonesian culture.^[1] Although the novel touches on racial harmony, Utami said that she considers the theme to be undeveloped.^[2]

Barbara Hatley notes that Saman contrasts the perceived differences between Eastern and Western cultures. She cites the scene where Shakuntala fantasizes encountering a "foreign demon" (European explorer) while bathing, later "embracing" him and discussing the "bizarre" requirement that Asian men are required to wear penis decorations and the "crassness" of Europeans who do not care about virginity, wear bikinis in public, and show sex on television. According to Hatley, this is rendered more ironic by both characters being naked during the discussion.^[3] She also notes that Saman touches on the traditional archetype of feminine power drawn from nature and the supernatural,^[4] and it reinterprets the hero archetype through Saman, who is small, thin, and inexperienced with women but able to withstand torture and defend a community of rubber tappers.^[3]

Junaidi writes that Saman also includes bits of the supernatural, including ghosts and mysticism.^[2] In her master's thesis, Micaela Campbell writes that Saman's mother, known only as "Ibu" (Indonesian for 'Mother'), was "highly susceptible to supernatural forces that seem to govern over her".^[5] Through Ibu, Javanese mysticism and other supernatural content is introduced that contrasts Saman's father, a realist; this leads to Ibu "failing" in her role as a mother, and, according to Campbell, may be a factor driving Saman to priesthood.^[6] Campbell notes that Shakuntala also lives in a world of jinns and peri; however, unlike Ibu, Shakuntala draws further strength from this spiritual world.^[7]

Saman was released in 1998^[1] after winning the 1997 Jakarta Art Institute novel writing contest.^[2] In 1998, Saman won the Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition.^[8] In 2000, it received the Prince Claus Award. By 2005, it had been translated into Dutch and English;^[2] the English translation took a long time to write because Utami was concerned that an overexplanation of the novel caused it to lose all of its sensuality.^[9] It has also been translated into French, Czech, and Japanese (by two separate translators). As of 2008^[update], a translation into Korean is underway.^[10] By 2004, the book had sold 100,000 copies, a large figure for an Indonesian novel.^[11]

Critical reception was mixed. Some critics praised the "rich language" used in the novel.^[2] However, others disapproved of the open sexuality of the novel, and its explicit use of the words "penis", "vagina", "orgasm" and "condoms" was considered "too much";^[2] other controversial terms include "rape me", "I am still a virgin", and "masturbation".^[12] Utami's own mother refused to read the novel aloud to her nearly blind husband, stating that it is "not meant for those of their generation".^[9] Campbell notes that the use of language in Saman reflects the positioning of the female characters as self-empowered and independent, capable of making their own decisions.^[13]

In Saman Utami became one of the first female Indonesian authors to explicitly discuss sexuality, generally a taboo subject for women, in her work.^[2] However, when it was first released Utami faced charges that she was not the actual writer; among those suggested as the author was poet Goenawan Mohamad, known as Utami's mentor.^[14] Mohamad denied the rumours and said that he wished he "could write the kind of prose which Ayu uses".^[9] Utami suggests that the rumours were based on a belief that only men could write good novels; the literature scene before Saman had indeed been dominated by male writers.^[14]

The novel started a new era of literature after the downfall of President Suharto^[15] and ignited the sastra wangi (literally 'fragrant literature') literary movement as well as an influx of sexually themed literary works by women.^[8] Utami disagrees with the label sastra wangi, stating that it reflects the obsession of the press with the women writers and not their work.^[14]

As of 2011^[update] a film adaptation is in the works, with Dutch screenwriter Orlow Seunke expressing interest to be involved with the project. However, Seunke and Utami have had creative differences regarding which characters should be kept.^[15]

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Bibliography