Seder-Masochism

The Book of Exodus is retold by Moses, his brother Aaron, the Angel of Death, Jesus, and the traditional Hebrew God, among others. The ancient mother goddess is cast in a "tragic struggle" against the new patriarchy.^[4]

The film opens with the aforementioned Mother Goddess performing an interpretive dance as she morphs into the forms of multiple depictions of femininity throughout history. She continues this dance until she, along with other female figures, transforms into a group of trees, which are chopped down by humans. ("Kalimankou Denkou")

We are introduced to Moses, who sleepily tends to his goats until he is woken up by a call from the heavens and begins performing a tap number. ("Moses Supposes") He taps dances up to the site of a burning bush, which he bows at the sight of and falls unconscious. Meanwhile, Jesus sits at a table with his followers as he begins to explain the significance of celebrating Passover and, by extension, introduces the Passover Seder. Then, a sacrificial goat on an altar (representing Nina Paley) begins conducting an interview with YHWH (representing Hiram Paley). The remainder of the film mostly alternates between Moses' story, the goat's interview with YHWH, and Jesus' explanation of Passover.

After falling unconscious, he is beset by visions of various goddesses urging him to worship them. ("You Gotta Believe") Upon waking up, Moses receives instructions from the Burning Bush to go down to Egypt with his brother Aaron and warn the Pharaoh to let the Israelites out of slavery. ("Go Down, Moses") Then, in a brief interlude, a lesson is given about the traditional foods in a Seder plate. ("Tijuana Taxi") Jesus then introduces the bread on the table as the bread of poverty, which the Israelites once ate in Egypt.

Jesus sets the stage for the reading of the Ten Plagues as Moses and Aaron begin inflicting them on Egypt. The first nine go by in rapid succession with short songs: The Nile River turns to blood, ("Blood Red River Blues") Egypt is overrun with frogs, ("Frogs") then swarmed with lice and flies, ("Insects") Egypt's livestock are killed, ("Dead Animals") the people of Egypt are infected with boils, ("Helter Skelter") a storm brings hail and fire down on Egypt, ("Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here") Egypt is attacked by locusts, ("Insects (Reprise)") and finally, covered in darkness. ("Who Turned The Light Out On My Life?") As these plagues take place, the Pharaoh looks on in anguish and then fails to persuade Moses and his people to stay nonviolently.

Moses and Aaron prepare for the tenth plague by painting their doors with lamb's blood and going inside for the night. That night, every firstborn human, plant, and animal in Egypt dies, with the Angel of Death gleefully collecting each dead body. He stops when he reaches the Pharaoh's son, taking time to mock his shortsightedness in forgetting his own mortality. The Pharaoh's son desperately tries to run from his fate as everything around him crumbles, falling directly into the hand of The Angel of Death, who finally kills him. ("The Web") The son's soul joins others departed as they journey to the afterlife. ("Melt Away") The Pharaoh grieves his son and angrily tells Moses, Aaron, and the Israelites to leave and never come back. ("I Will Survive") Jesus thanks YHWH for the protections he gave the Hebrew people in their time of need, and a Jewish singer performs an upbeat song which gets increasingly raucous as images of violence in the Middle East play in the background. ("Dayenu")

Moses and Aaron finally lead the Israelites out of Egypt, singing of the freedom and opportunity the Promised Land will provide. He parts the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and replaces it when Egyptian soldiers begin pursuing them, killing every soldier. ("Free to Be... You and Me") The Jewish singer leads the group in a prayer, and Jesus praises YHWH for the blessings he has given as a Temple, Church, and Mosque appear. The Mother Goddess and the other female figures return, performing another dance that ends with them turning into beasts that devour all three buildings. ("Erghen Diado") Meanwhile, in the desert, the Israelites are wandering hungry, tired, and dehydrated. Under YHWH's command, Moses motivates the Israelites, provides them food and drink, and destroy the pagan idols they worship, then leaves for Mount Sinai. ("Reach Out (I'll Be There)")

Back in the desert, with Moses temporarily gone, the Israelites continue their pagan worship, including making a golden calf for their goddesses. As they worship the goddess, the Israelite women dance and express themselves, much to the discontent of Moses, who watches their display of idolatry from high on the mountains. ("Woman") The Mother Goddess returns, giving birth to many humans, one of which kills her and takes her skin. ("Schopska Pesen") Outraged by the actions of the Israelites, YHWH sends Moses to destroy the idols and enforce the Ten Commandments. He forces the Israelite women to go back to their old clothing and instructs the Israelites to kill any others who continue goddess worship. ("Used To Love Her/Your Time Is Gonna Come")

With the Israelites still seemingly divided between worship of YHWH and the Mother Goddess, the two compete for their praise in a duet. In the end, the Mother Goddess is beaten down with Abrahamic dogmas from Hebrew, Greek, English, and Arabic scriptures. ("Paroles, Paroles") In the temple, Moses enforces Levitical Law in the Israelites, including building a tabernacle and appointing Aaron the first high priest. ("The Things We Do For Love")

The female statues are then joined by a Renaissance-era depiction of the Virgin Mary, who, accompanied by similar depictions, sings a mocking choral piece about how God is most assuredly an old white man. ("God is Male") Jesus calls for a traditional children's song, which accompanies a stop-motion scene of a Seder table. ("Chad Gadya") YHWH then speaks of how he is both proud of and concerned for his children, especially the sacrificial goat. The Mother Goddess then morphs into a representation of Earth, with land that is tilled by many humans. ("L’Shana Haba’a")

The film then takes a look into the future, as the Israelites' promised land is repeatedly conquered by empires throughout history, with the Angel of Death cheerfully claiming ownership of each soul that dies in the ensuing conflicts. ("This Land is Mine")

• Mother Goddess - An ancient pagan goddess who is repeatedly stifled throughout the film by the whims of man and by religious dogma. A symbol both for paganism and femininity throughout history.
• Moses - A Jewish prophet who leads the Israelites out of Egypt and enforces the will of YHWH to the very end.
• Jesus - Serves as the narrator to the film, as he takes the form of a wise Jewish teacher that instructs his followers about the story of Passover as it plays out in real time.
• YHWH - The God of the Abrahamic religions, portrayed as a patriarchal figure who reacts angrily to dissent and improper conduct in the Exodus story, and as a concerned father during the interviews.
• Sacrificial Goat - The interviewer of YHWH and a stand-in for Nina Paley herself.
• Aaron - Brother to Moses, who helps him free the Israelites and is eventually appointed a High Priest.
• Pharaoh - The ruler of Egypt, who stubbornly keeps the Israelites enslaved and lashes out at Moses.
• Jewish Singer - An unnamed figure who leads songs and prayers during the Seder segments.
• Angel of Death - A being who joyously collects departed souls.
• Pharaoh's Firstborn - Pharaoh's firstborn son, who was killed during the tenth plague.

• "Kalimankou Denkou" - Mother Goddess, Female Statues
• "Moses Supposes" - Moses, Goats, YHWH
• "You Gotta Believe" - Female Statues
• "Go Down Moses" - YHWH, Moses, Aaron, Israelites, Egyptians
• "Tijuana Taxi"
• "Blood Red River Blues" - Pharaoh
• "Frogs" - Moses, Egyptians
• "Insects" - Pharaoh, Pharaoh's Servants, Egyptians
• "Dead Animals" - Egyptians
• "Helter Skelter" - Pharaoh, Egyptians
• "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here" - Moses, Aaron, Egyptians
• "Insects" (Reprise) - Pharaoh, Pharaoh's Servants
• "Who Turned the Light Out on My Life?" - Pharaoh
• "The Web" - Angel of Death, Egyptians
• "Melt Away" - Pharaoh's Firstborn, Departed Souls
• "I Will Survive" - Pharaoh
• "Dayenu" - Jewish Singer
• "Free to Be...You and Me" - Moses, Aaron, Israelites
• "Erghen Daido" - Mother Goddess, Female Statues
• "Reach Out (I'll Be There)" - Moses, Israelites
• "Woman" - Israelites, Aaron
• "Schopska Pesen" - Mother Goddess
• "Used to Love Her/Your Time is Gonna Come" - Moses, YHWH, Israelites
• "Paroles, Paroles" - YHWH, Mother Goddess
• "The Things We Do For Love" - Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Hur
• "God Is Male" - Mary, Renaissance Women
• "Chad Gadya"
• "L'Shana Haba'a" - Mother Goddess
• "This Land is Mine" - Conquerors, Angel of Death

• Hiram Paley – Our Father
• Nina Paley – Sacrificial Goat
• Barry Gray – Jesus^[3]

The other characters in the film are represented by various sampled recordings and as such do not have one defined actor.

After Sita Sings the Blues, Paley was criticized by some observers for co-opting the culture of India as an outsider, an assertion with which she strongly disagreed. A recurring theme among the negative comments was "how would you like it if people made a film about your religion?"^[5][6] Paley thought that she would enjoy watching any such film. Accepting this as a challenge, she turned to her own Jewish cultural heritage for her next project: a revisionist retelling of the story of Passover. For inspiration, she also read The Creation of Patriarchy by Gerda Lerner, and The Language of the Goddess by Marija Gimbutas.^[7] She concluded that the Book of Exodus represents the final defeat of goddess worship by the patriarchy that had been rising since the agricultural revolution.^[8]

In 2011, Paley interviewed her terminally ill father, Hiram, intending that his voice would serve as the old bearded god figure of the Israelites. For herself, she chose to play the part of a sacrificial goat, because animal sacrifice was essential to many early religions, and because she has been seen as the black sheep of her family.^[5] Hiram Paley died in 2012 at the age of 78.^[3] Even though her father was a Jewish atheist, the Paley family had celebrated Passover every year so that the children would know their cultural identity. Paley, also a Jewish atheist, weaves the voice recordings of her father into the film as a way to understand the Passover story.^[9]

In September 2011, Paley initiated a Kickstarter crowd-funding effort to raise money for "Phase I" of the film, with a goal of $3,600. The campaign brought in $4,146.^[10] The intent of Phase I was to make recordings of various family Passover Seder discussions. Ultimately, the project took another direction, and the recordings were not used in the film.^[11]

Paley worked on the project over the course of six years, spending about three-and-a-half years animating and producing it. First, she animated some musical numbers – "This Land Is Mine" and "Moses-Exodus" – using Macromedia Flash 8 running on a first-generation Mac Pro tower, but this was not powerful enough to edit 4K resolution video in a practical manner. In 2013, she shifted the project to a second-generation Mac Pro, the vertical cylinder model, and settled on the application Anime Studio Pro.^[2] Paley initially found the Anime Studio Pro interface to be frustratingly complex, so she hosted Chilean animator Victor Paredes at her workspace for a week in 2014 to better learn the software. In 2016, Anime Studio Pro became Moho Pro, with an upgraded version. Paley said that it was not until 2017 that she could express herself easily in Moho Pro.^[12]

"Queen of the Night", Mesopotamia (1800 BC)

Paley's animation of the figure

In November 2017, Paley wrote that much of the project had been completed without a "coherent story", despite the attempt to tie it together in the loose form of a Passover Seder. She decided instead "to articulate the Exodus from the Goddesses' point of view", the goddesses who were at that time worshiped in Egypt as Hathor, Isis, Nut, Sekhmet, and others.^[13] This turned her film into a narrative "about patriarchy and the suppression of the Goddess".^[2]

After showing rough cuts of the new concept to friends, Paley decided to bring more goddess images into the film. In late 2017/early 2018, she imported high-resolution photos of ancient goddess figurines into the graphics editor GIMP to remove backgrounds, then she exported the resulting PNG files to Moho. In Moho, Paley assigned "little skeleton" points on the images to establish how the goddess figurines could bend, and she created additional layers for smaller movements such as eye blinks and smiling/frowning. She offered these individual goddess animations for free on her blog.^[12] Among the goddess figurines appearing in the film are the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük (6,000 BC, Turkey), the Venus of Willendorf (30,000 BC, Austria), and the Venus of Hohle Fels (35,000 BC, Germany).^[14]

The final assembly and editing of the film were performed on Final Cut Pro X, which Paley said was "horrible" in its interface but powerful in its processing of 4K video: 3840×2160 pixels.^[12] In all, Paley estimated the film's final budget at $20,000.^[2]

Embroidery animation

Paley teamed with science writer and programmer Theodore Gray to develop "embroidermation": an automated method of animating embroidery. In 2015 after working for a year and a half, the PaleGray Labs team produced a Passover-themed animated short, "Chad Gadya", intended to serve as intermission for Seder-Masochism.^[15] Paley created animated figures in Macromedia Flash 8, then Gray imported the resulting vector files into Wolfram Mathematica, a powerful visualization program which he co-created. The figures were rendered as polygons in Mathematica, then a custom application was written to properly align the embroidery stitch direction, different for each polygon.^[16] Using an embroidery machine, a total of 516 embroidered figures were stitched into 86 matzoh covers (decorative cloths for holding matzoh during Passover), then each completed figure was photographed to create one frame of animation.^[17] The "Chad Gadya" scene runs just under 3 minutes, accompanied by the children's Passover song, "Chad Gadya", sung by Moishe Oysher and recorded in the 1950s.^[18]

When the film was complete, Paley determined to wait until it had been screened at film festivals before she offered the film for free online in the same manner as Sita Sings the Blues.^[5][19] Earlier, she uploaded some scenes-in-progress to Vimeo and YouTube, including the opening "God-Mother" number in 2017,^[20] and "Death of the Firstborn Egyptians" in 2014, the latter gaining 2.7 million views by August 2020.^[21] The scene "This Land Is Mine" was first posted in 2012, and by 2014 had received 10 million views, with more viewers added during every news cycle highlighting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.^[22]

Following June 2018 showing at Annecy International Animated Film Festival, The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film was "completely irreverent, occasionally hilarious and politically evocative", and that it "defies definition" with its different aspects of musical comedy, psychedelic cartoon, and "insolent" religious epic. Paley is observed to have "lots of fun" turning Bible events "into Busby Berkeley-style song-and-dance numbers."^[34] Spain's El Mundo newspaper compared the film's irony and apparent naïveté to works by the Marx Brothers, Italian playwright Dario Fo, and Monty Python, writing that Paley applies unprejudiced and sharp commentary to the Jewish story while remaining bright and ridiculous.^[35] French film website Courte-Focale compared Seder-Masochism to Monty Python's Life of Brian, writing that Paley brought a "fiercely humorous" spirit to the task of attacking patriarchal religion, an attack carried out with "acuteness and precision" in a way that disarms her opponents and yields a hilarious result.^[36] Greek animator Vassilis Kroustallis said that Paley's second film "is another bold attempt... to associate the catastrophe that religion may bring with the male ego." He wrote that the musical choreography is good but the editing suffers from the juxtaposition of different scenes.^[14] Variety wrote that the film was "delightfully impudent" and inventive, despite being "episodic and uneven" in its presentation as a series of short scenes.^[37]

In Poznań, Poland, at the ANIMATOR film festival, Seder-Masochism earned the Audience Award for Feature Film.^[23]

Paley spent $70,000 to secure the music rights to Sita Sings the Blues, just to distribute it freely, so for Seder-Masochism she turned to the parody defense in fair use: a parody of a copyrighted work can be considered fair use.^[38] As a result, she did not try to secure the rights to the many recordings she used in the film. She told Variety that anyone who is interested can perform the legal work to clear the music rights, after which that person or corporation will be able to distribute the film commercially or license it for distribution.^[5]

The song "This Land Is Mine" came first in Paley's production process; she used it to frame a scene in which a succession of warring men claims the Holy Land as theirs. The music is the main theme of the 1960 film Exodus, composed by Austrian Ernest Gold, with words added later by Pat Boone, which he sang and released as a single titled "The Exodus Song". Boone, an American Christian, said he wrote the lyrics in 25 minutes on Christmas Eve, on the back of a Christmas card, which he later sent to Yad Vashem, the Holocaust memorial in Jerusalem.^[39] The version Paley used in Seder-Masochism is a cover by Boone's friend Andy Williams,^[40] released in 1962 under the title "The Exodus Song (This Land Is Mine)", as part of his album Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes, the album reaching number 3 on the Billboard Top 200, selling more than two million copies by 1967.^[41] In the 1960s, the song became a Zionist anthem. Paley parodies the song's Zionist theme to show the senselessness of war in the Middle East: the scene ends in atomic destruction, with nobody winning except the Angel of Death.^[42]

Paley commissioned a song for the film from New York-based rock musician Todd Michaelsen, who had earlier collaborated on a song for Sita Sings the Blues, but Paley eventually decided not to use Michaelsen's song. She said that she prefers "songs that have a different original meaning", so that her animation adds a second meaning, yielding greater depth.^[12]

For her dancing goddesses number, animated in early 2018, Paley chose a song from the 1976 film Car Wash: "You Gotta Believe", written by Norman Whitfield and performed by the Pointer Sisters, using Rose Royce as the backing band. In Car Wash, Paley said the song is used to "urge activist men to stand up for their activist sisters",^[12] but in Seder-Masochism it is an ultimately unsuccessful plea to Moses to embrace goddess worship.^[43]

The following recordings appear in the film credits:^[3]

• ca. 1975 – "Kalimankou Denkou" (Godmother Denkou), performed by the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir. Yanka Roupkina, soloist
• 1952 – "Moses Supposes", vocals by Gene Kelly and Donald O'Connor, from the film Singin' in the Rain
• ca. 1955 – "The Moishe Oysher Seder", spoken by Barry Gray, sung by Moishe Oysher and the Abraham Nadel Chorus
• 1976 – "You Gotta Believe", sung by the Pointer Sisters with Rose Royce playing the instruments
• ca. 1958 – "Go Down Moses", performed by Louis Armstrong and Sy Silver's Orchestra
• ca. 1965 – "Tijuana Taxi", performed by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass
• ca. 1970s – assorted Muzak
• ca. 1933 – "Blood Red River Blues", performed by Josh White
• ca. 2004 – "Frogs", by DJ Zeph, featuring Azeem
• 1982 – "Insects", performed by Oingo Boingo
• ca. 1990s – "Dead Animals", performed by Mental Decay
• ca. 1968 – "Helter Skelter", performed by the Beatles
• 1928 – "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here", performed by Nat Shilkret and the Victor Orchestra
• 1972 – "Who Turned The Light Out On My Life?", performed by Daniel Boone
• ca. 2012 – "The Web" and "Melt Away", performed by the Duke of Uke and His Novelty Orchestra
• 1978 – "I Will Survive", performed by Gloria Gaynor
• 1973 – "Free to Be... You and Me", performed by the New Seekers
• ca. 1975 – "Erghen Diado" (Diaphonic Chant), performed by the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir
• ca. 1966 – "Reach Out (I'll Be There)", performed by the Four Tops
• ca. 1980 – "Woman", performed by John Lennon
• ca. 1975 – "Schopska Pesen" (Song of Schopsko), performed by the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir
• 1988 – "Used To Love Her", performed by Guns N' Roses
• 1968 – "Your Time Is Gonna Come", performed by Led Zeppelin
• 1973 – "Paroles, paroles", sung by Dalida, with spoken word by Alain Delon
• 1976 – "The Things We Do For Love", performed by 10cc
• 2018 – "God Is Male", lyrics by Connie Bryson and Nina Paley, music by Nina Paley, organ performed by Camille Goudeseune, vocals by Nina Paley and Emilia Cataldo
• ca. 1955 – "Chad Gadya", performed by Moishe Oysher with the Abraham Nadel Chorus
• ca. 1998 – "L’Shana Haba’a", performed by the Breslau Synagogue Chorus
• 1962 – "This Land Is Mine", performed by Andy Williams
• ca. 1954 – "Old-Time Religion", performed by the Caravans