Shaikh Imam-ud-Din

By 1846, the politics in the Lahore Darbar were fast deteriorating due to the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War. In the treaty of Lahore, signed between Sikhs and the British on 9 March 1846, Sikh Maharaja was forced to cede Kashmir Valley along with other territories to the British as war reparations, and Kashmir legally ceased to be a part of Sikh Kingdom. On 15 March 1846, the treaty of Amritsar was signed between Gulab Singh Dogra and the British East India Company officials, according to which Kashmir Valley and surrounding areas were sold to Gulab Singh for a sum of 7.5 million Nanak Shahi Rupees. Imam-ud-Din immediately opposed the new circumstances, not wanting to let go the government of Kashmir from his hands. According to some sources, he was convinced by the Prime Minister of Sikh Kingdom, Raja Lal Singh, to resist Dogra occupation of Kashmir due to his old enmity with Gulab Singh. It is also said that Imam-ud-Din was urged by one of his wives, a daughter of Khan of Kohistan Muiz-ud-Din to avoid Kashmir being fallen into Dogra control as Kohistan was a feudatory state of Kashmir.^[5] Imam-ud-Din was also incriminated with having sent an emissary to Russian Empire for aid against British, but without any considerable evidence. More significant, however, was him having styled himself as Amir al-Mu'minin after the treaty of Amritsar.^[6]

By July 1846, Imam-ud-Din collected 13,000 regular as well as irregular troops to resist Dogra conquest. Supported by chiefs of Rajouri, Bhimber, Jubbal and Bomba in his ambitions, he fought against the occupation of Kashmir by Gulab Singh's officers Diwan Lakhpat Rai and Wazir Ratanu. The battle was fought in September near Shaikh Bagh at Srinagar in a locality now known as Shaheed Gunj; Lakhpat was killed along with a 100 of Dogra troops while Imam-ud-Din sustained 25 casualties. The Dogras were forced to flee.^[7] When the news of defeat reached Gulab Singh, he immediately appealed to the British. A force of 10,000 was dispatched under Brigadier Wheeler in the late September, in addition to mobilization of a 17,000 Sikh force for assistance of Brigadier Wheeler.^[8] Imam-ud-Din's jagir in Jalandhar was also confiscated and his family was imprisoned. Feeling overwhelmed, Imam-ud-Din started negotiations with British assistant political agent, Lieutenant Herbert Edwards. However, Imam-ud-Din paused when Edwards refused to return his Jalandhar jagir. On 11 October, British forces under Brigadier Wheeler reached Bhimber but were ordered to halt there, as most of Imam-ud-Din's allies defected to the side of the British and Dogras. This further proved the futility of resistance to Imam-ud-Din, who ultimately left the Valley on October, 25 and submitted to Sir Henry Lawrence on November, 1 at Thana.^[9] On November 9, 1846, Gulab Singh entered Srinagar alongside British troops as new Maharaja and Kashmir Valley passed into the Dogra control.^[10]

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