Siege of Bihać (1697)

After deploying infantry and artillery around Bihać, the town was completely surrounded throughout the next two days. At the same time, reconnaissance parties were sent across Una river, to look for arrival of any Ottoman relief armies heading towards besieged Bihać.^[1] First Croatian troops led by general Ivan Andrija Makar arrived on June 16, while Croatian ban Batthyany arrived near Bihać on June 20.^[4] General Heister of Varaždin generalcy also arrived to the siege the same day.^[4] Besieging commanders intentionally attempted to spread false information about Bosnian pasha's relief army sent to Bihać's aid being destroyed.^[4] Croatian ban dispatched his troops on right bank of Una river towards mount Grmeč, in order to secure the background from the arrival of petential relief army. General Makar did the same in Ripač gorge, where encirclement wasn't yet completed.^[4]

On 24 June the Habsburg commanders estimated that artillery bombardment did enough damage to the town's fortifications so they ordered to charge the city from all sides.^[5] Some fifty men led by baron Bourscheidt managed to break into the city through cracks in the walls, however, the Ottoman defenders offered very strong resistance and managed to repulse the attackers. When this attack was repulsed, the Christians suffered high casualties with more than 300 men killed.^[1][5] This sank the morale of the attacking army, while at the same time it raised the morale of Bihać Ottoman defenders. On June 28 Habsburg sappers attempted to blow up town's ditch, but the Ottomans somehow used the opportunity to make a sortie on the Habsburg camp which inflicted even more damage to the attackers.^[1][6][5]

On June 29 the disappointed Croatian ban became sick, so he decided to withdraw,^[1] although his troops apparently continued the siege.^[5] Rumours also started to circulate that Bosnian pasha is preparing a 6000 strong relief force, with more Ottoman reinforcements arriving from Belgrade.^[5] Quarrels also appeared between Germans and Croatians in the imperial army.^[7] In the end, the order came from Vienna to abandon the siege completely, in order to re-deploy these attacking troops to the Habsburg main offensive. On 3 July, the siege was completely called off.^[1] The Habsburg armies withdrew from the battlefield on 8 July, after previously annihilating Ripač and Izačić.^[5] The remains of Habsburg army which previously besieged Bihać subsequently joined other imperial forces for their offensives in Hungary.^[2]

In assessing the failed siege of Bihać, Croatian historian Radoslav Lopašić notes that lack of coordination and incompetence of main commanders in charge made all efforts of retaking Bihać futile. He also mentions the German sources which criticise clumsy Croatian landsturm. The town was, as he describes, successfully defended from a strong Christian army by a rather small group of Muslim defenders "enthusiastic for their prophet's faith".^[5]

The failure of Siege of Bihać caused disappointment in Croatia. Historian Vjekoslav Klaić points out that when one year later emperor Leopold decided to conclude Peace treaty of Karlowitz, "The Croats lost all hope of liberating Bihać [...] which was considered the capital of Old Croatia in the aftermath of fall of Knin" in 1522.^[6]

44°48′54.8″N 15°52′9.4″E / 44.815222°N 15.869278°E / 44.815222; 15.869278