Siege of Riga (1700)

According to Johann Patkul's plan, the Saxon army’s attack on Riga was supposed to take place at Christmas 1699. Four dragoon and three infantry regiments (about 7,000 Saxon soldiers) under General Patkul arrived at Jānišķi, on the border of Zemgale. However, upon learning about the mobilization of the fortress’s defenses, they postponed the attack until February 1700.

On February 11 (21), Saxon Major General Georg Karl von Carlowitz arrived at the Olaine border post with 80 dragoons and 12 covered wagons, requesting permission to travel to Moscow. Captain Eriksson, commanding the Swedish border guards, did not believe the story about the general’s personal belongings being transported in the wagons and ordered an inspection, discovering several dozen Saxon grenadiers disguised in peasant clothing, along with ammunition. After a brief skirmish, the Saxons retreated toward Jelgava, and Captain Eriksson was killed in the fighting. Despite this initial setback, Saxon General Jacob Heinrich von Flemming captured the Kobron redoubt on February 16, defended by 41 soldiers under Major Bildstein.

The Saxons crossed the Daugava River near Mazjumprava Manor, and Saxon dragoon units, along with Courland troops, raided as far as Valmiera. However, the Livonian nobility did not revolt against Swedish rule; instead, they gathered their forces under Colonel Magnus Johann von Tiesenhausen. The main Saxon forces stationed themselves at Mazjumprava Manor and Bukulti Castle.

On the night of March 24, 1700, the Saxon army under General Flemming crossed the frozen Buļļupe River and launched an attack on the Daugavgrīva fortress. The Swedish garrison of 500 men, led by Commandant Karl Ludwig von Budberg, repelled the assault, during which 248 Saxon soldiers were killed. Since the 600-man garrison had to fight against six Saxon battalions and the ice on the Daugava and Lielupe Rivers allowed attacks from all sides, the fortress's war council decided to surrender. On March 28, the Swedes left the fortress with their arms. Flemming renamed the fortress Augustusburg in honor of King Augustus II.

Meanwhile, in April, the Swedes gathered about 11,000 soldiers near Viljandi under the command of Baltic German General Georg Johann Ernst von Maydell and the Governor-General of Ingria, Otto Vellingk. Prince Ferdinand of Courland took command of the Saxon forces. On May 6 (17), the Battle of Mazjumprava was fought, where the Swedes defeated the Saxons and forced them to retreat from the right bank of the Daugava, although they failed to recapture the Daugavgrīva fortress.

By mid-July 1700, Augustus II the Strong, ruler of Poland and Lithuania, gathered about 14,000 men near Riga under the command of Field Marshal Steinau. At the beginning of August, they crossed the Daugava again and defeated the Swedes at Ciemupe (Pröbstingshof, Sprēstiņi Manor). The Swedish forces, under General Vellingk, retreated to Rūjiena. Augustus II sent an ultimatum to Riga’s defenders, demanding capitulation within a week. After receiving no response from Dalberg, Saxon artillery began bombarding Riga on August 28. Upon hearing of Denmark’s defeat in the war, Augustus II decided to lift the siege of Riga, captured Koknese Castle on October 17, and settled into winter quarters in Selonia (Sēlija) and Lithuania.

On November 30, 1700, the Swedish King Charles XII crushed Peter I’s army at the Battle of Narva.

The two sieges of Riga marked the beginning of the Great Northern War. This was to last over 20 years and end the dominance of the Swedes in the Baltic region (Dominium maris baltici).

The King of Poland felt unable to wage war against the Swedes alone. In February 1701, he met with the Tsar of Russia in the small town of Birze, on the border between Livonia and Samogitia. During these talks, which lasted several days, the tsar assured the Polish king of financial and military support in the fight against Charles XII. The Polish Diet also pledged its support after Peter the Great made a substantial financial contribution and Saxony-Poland and Russia prepared for the campaign against Sweden.

• Anders Fryxell: Lebensgeschichte Karl's des Zwölften, Königs von Schweden. Band 1, Zweiter Abschnitt, 16. Kapitel, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig 1861.
• Hochspringen ↑ Heinz von Zur Mühlen: Baltisches historisches Ortslexikon, Band 2, Köln 1990, S. 132.
• Hochspringen ↑ Knut Lundblad, Georg Friedrich Jenssen-Tusch: Geschichte Karl des Zwölften, Königs von Schweden, Band 1, Hamburg 1835, S. 41–55.
• Olle Larsson, Stormaktens sista krig (2009) Lund, Historiska Media. Sida 86. ISBN 978-91-85873-59-3