Spectral concentration problem

Among all sequences ${\displaystyle \lbrace w_{t}\rbrace }$ for a given T and W, is there a sequence for which the spectral concentration is maximum? In other words, is there a sequence for which the sidelobe energy outside a frequency band [-W,W] is minimum?

The answer is yes; such a sequence indeed exists and can be found by optimizing ${\displaystyle \lambda (T,W)}$. Thus maximising the power

${\displaystyle \int _{-W}^{W}{\|U(f)\|}^{2}\,df}$

subject to the constraint that the total power is fixed, say

${\displaystyle \int _{-1/2}^{1/2}{\|U(f)\|}^{2}\,df=1,}$

leads to the following equation satisfied by the optimal sequence ${\displaystyle w_{t}}$:

${\displaystyle \sum _{t'=1}^{T}{\frac {\sin 2\pi W(t-t')}{\pi (t-t')}}w_{t'}=\lambda w_{t}.}$

This is an eigenvalue equation for a symmetric matrix given by

${\displaystyle M_{t,t'}={\frac {\sin 2\pi W(t-t')}{\pi (t-t')}}.}$

It can be shown that this matrix is positive-definite, hence all the eigenvalues of this matrix lie between 0 and 1. The largest eigenvalue of the above equation corresponds to the largest possible spectral concentration; the corresponding eigenvector is the required optimal sequence ${\displaystyle w_{t}}$. This sequence is called a 0^th–order Slepian sequence (also known as a discrete prolate spheroidal sequence, or DPSS), which is a unique taper with maximally suppressed sidelobes.

It turns out that the number of dominant eigenvalues of the matrix M that are close to 1, corresponds to N=2WT called the Shannon number. If the eigenvalues ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ are arranged in decreasing order (i.e., ${\displaystyle \lambda _{1}>\lambda _{2}>\lambda _{3}>...>\lambda _{N}}$), then the eigenvector corresponding to ${\displaystyle \lambda _{n+1}}$ is called n^th–order Slepian sequence (DPSS) (0≤n≤N-1). This n^th–order taper also offers the best sidelobe suppression and is pairwise orthogonal to the Slepian sequences of previous orders ${\displaystyle (0,1,2,3....,n-1)}$. These lower order Slepian sequences form the basis for spectral estimation by multitaper method.

Not limited to time series, the spectral concentration problem can be reformulated to apply in multiple Cartesian dimensions^[1] and on the surface of the sphere by using spherical harmonics,^[2] for applications in geophysics and cosmology^[3] among others.

• Multitaper
• Fourier transform
• Discrete Fourier transform

• Partha Mitra and Hemant Bokil. Observed Brain Dynamics, Oxford University Press, USA (2007), Link for book
• Donald. B. Percival and Andrew. T. Walden. Spectral Analysis for Physical Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques, Cambridge University Press, UK (2002).
• Mitra, P.P.; Pesaran, B. (1999). "Analysis of Dynamic Brain Imaging Data". Biophysical Journal. 76 (2): 691–708. arXiv:q-bio/0309028. Bibcode:1999BpJ....76..691M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77236-X. PMC 1300074. PMID 9929474.