Stari Ras

Early Middle Ages

Archaeological findings of fortified structures and early churches from the area of Stari Ras, dated from fourth to the sixth century, correspond to the testimony of Byzantine historian Procopius who wrote that the Roman castellum of Arsa in the province of Dardania was refortified during the reign of the emperor Justinian I (r.  527–565).^[10]

There exists two fortifications (gradina), Gradina-Postenje (also known as "Ras-Postenje") and Gradina-Pazarište in the Ras area. Throughout history their development was interconnected and probably made a uniform defensive system.^[11] In the 3rd century AD of the Roman period it was on a crossroad, with mining fields nearby, and military settlement.^[12] The wider area was seemingly spared from the late 4th–5th century migration period invasions.^[13] In the 6th century, some Germanic barbarian remains were found, along with material associated with the Frankish Merovingian dynasty.^[14] In c. 518, the area of Ras was hit by a devastating earthquake which caused much damage in the Roman province of Dardania.^[15] The Central Balkans was attacked by Avars and settled more intensely by Slavs in the first quarter of the 7th century.^[16] Both gradina were damaged and abandoned at the beginning of the 7th century.^[17]

The 10th century De Administrando Imperio (DAI) mentions that Boris (r.  852–889) was escorted by the sons of Serbian ruler Mutimir as far as the frontier at Ras, usually dated around 880.^[18] Ras was not among the mentioned kastra (inhabited towns) of Serbia,^[2] nor specified on which side of the border it was located,^[19] so in the scholarship there's no consensus whether Ras was located on the Serbian,^[20][21] or Bulgarian side of the border,^[22][23][24] and whether it referred to a town or an area.^[18][25] Newer research indicates that in the mid-9th century and in the 10th century, Ras was a western frontier district of Bulgaria towards Serbia.^[26] The Bulgars used the fortifications of Ras-Postenje and Ras-Pazarište to prevent the Serbs from retaking territory (to the east) that they had inhabited in the 7th century.^[27] The lack of material of Bulgar origin in Vrsjenice (assumed to be Serbian city Destinikon), indicates that the border was at the Pešter plateau.^[28] Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes re-established control of Ras in 971 and established the Catepanate of Ras; the seal of protospatharios and katepano John of Ras (Greek: tou Rasou) has been found from that era.^[29] By 976, the Bulgarian state had regained Ras, and according to LPD it was the Serbs who defeated the Byzantines.^[30] At the end of the 10th century, the Podgrađe site shows that the locality was burnt down and abandoned.^[31] The site was abandoned and without Byzantine military-strategical importance until the end of the 11th century when it was made into a strong military base.^[32]

High Middle Ages

Basil II recaptured Ras in 1016–1018, and the region became part of the thema of Serbia.^[30] The imperial charter of Basil II from 1020 to the Archbishopric of Ohrid, in which the rights and jurisdictions were established, mentions the Episcopy of Ras as one of the bishoprics, that belonged to the Bulgarian autocephal church during the time of Peter I (927–969) and Samuel of Bulgaria (977–1014).^[33][34] It is considered that it was possibly founded by the Bulgarian emperor,^[35][36] or it is the latest date at which it could have been integrated to the Bulgarian Church.^[37] If it previously existed, it probably was part of the Bulgarian metropolis of Morava, but certainly not of Dyrrhachium.^[38] If it was on Serbian territory, it seems that the Church in Serbia or part of the territory of Serbia became linked and influenced by the Bulgarian Church between 870 and 924.^[39][40]

In 1032, the overall commander of the region was strategoi and doukes Constantine Diogenes,^[41][42] and Ras was part of a defensive line of Byzantine watchtowers alongside Lipjan, Zvečan, Galič, Jeleč south of Ras and Brvenik north of Ras, watching to the west over a "no-man's-land" named Zygos mountains, beyond which was Serbia.^[43][44] Ras was defensively upgraded at the end of the 11th century.^[45] It is unclear whether Ras came under Serbian rule in the late 11th century.^[46] Recent archaeological research supports the notion that the Byzantines held control of Ras during Alexios I Komnenos's reign (1081–1118), but possibly not continuously.^[47] A seal of Alexios dated to 1081–1092 was found in 2018 near the site.^[48] It seems that the watchtowers commanders' skirmishes into the Serbian eastern frontiers provoked Vukan, Grand Prince of Serbia in the early 1090s to counterattack and to conquer the border fortresses in the Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095), but although John Doukas regained most of them, in 1093 Vukan "ravaged the neighbouring towns and districts. He even got as far as Lipjan, which he deliberately burnt down", but when Alexios came close, Vukan escaped to Zvečan and started peace negotiations.^[49] The found seals of commanders Nikolaos Synesios, Eustathios Kamytzes and Constantine Dalassenos perhaps dates to campaigns against Vukan.^[50] In the 1120s, the fortress of Ras was again burnt and destroyed by the Serbs, a "Dalmatian nation".^[5][51] Its commander Kritoplos was punished by the Emperor for the fall of the fortress.^[52][46] It remained a Byzantine frontier area until John II Komnenos lost the area to the Serbs as a result of the Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129).^[53]

The Byzantines rebuilt the fortress by 1143.^[53] It was retaken by Uroš II (r.  1145–1161) with the aim of distracting the Byzantines from engaging with Roger II of Sicily.^[54] The Serbian Uprising of 1149 caused Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos to penetrate "Dalmatia", destroying the Ras fortress and devastate everything along the way, "the countless multitudes that he made slaves, he left there with the army of sebastohypertatos Constantine Angelos". He continued into Nikava, conquering all the forts with ease. After storming the nearby Galič, whose inhabitants were partly warriors and herdsmen who took away and settled in Serdika and other Roman regions, and "having learned from Angelos that the Župan, waiting for an opportune moment after his departure from there began to attack the Romans and that a fight had already taken place, set out as fast as he could from there to capture him. But this one, hearing that the Romans were coming, fled over the mountain passes and escaped the danger on foot. The emperor headed through the country, since there was no one to stop him at all, devastated it, and after burning the buildings there intended for the archizoupanos as the ruling centre, left".^[55][56][57] The following year, they continued to successfully fight off the Serbians and Hungarians, ending with the Battle of Tara (1150).^[58][59] Somewhere in the second half of the 12th century, Ras would have been finally conquered and controlled by the Serbs, who greatly renovated it, and made it to a centre of defence and royal residency.^[60] Stefan Nemanja, who previously received the Byzantine land of Dendra west of Niš, usurped the Serbian throne and expanded his territories in the late 1160s.^[61] In celebration, Nemanja erected the monastery of Đurđevi stupovi, with an inscription showing that the end of the construction was in 1170-1171.^[7] The city of Ras was not yet a capital in the general sense but the wider area of Raška with various fortifications, as there's no evidence of urbanization until the 14th century.^[62] In 1188, Nemanja showed intention to make Niš the centre of the state, and there was also a royal court in Kotor.^[7] Byzantine intervention continued until the end of the 12th century and the Serb feudal rulers of the region were often under Byzantine suzerainty. The full independence of Serbia including the region of Raška was recognized by the Byzantines in 1190 after an indecisive win by Isaac II Angelos over Nemanja.^[63] Nemanja's son Stefan, who eventually was elevated to king, acceded the Serbian throne at Ras.^[64] Its favorable position in the area known as Old Serbia, along the Raška gorge at Pešter plateau, on the crossroads and trading routes between neighbouring regions of Zeta and Bosnia in the west and Kosovo in the south, added to its importance as a city.^[65]

The cave monastery of St. Michael (where Monk Simeon was later active and wrote Vukan's Gospel dated to c. 1202) was constructed beneath the Podgrađe of the Gradina-Pazarište on a rocky cliff of the hill.^[66][67] In 1196 Nemanja held an assembly in Ras.^[68] In the 1230s a Serbian mint was located there, possibly also the royal treasury.^[69] A big granary was also found.^[70] Somewhere in the early 13th century, it became damaged amid civil war,^[71] but extensively renovated again by the time of the second Serbian king Stefan Radoslav (1228–1233). However, there is not much archaeological evidence that it was burnt and became desolated around the 1230s, probably being the scene of noble battles in which Radoslav lost and Stefan Vladislav (1234–1243) came to the throne.^[71] Seemingly it was not well renovated again, and from that point in time gradually lost its status as the Serbian state "capital", but until then the Serbian's state name became closely associated with the name of Rascia, and Serbian people with the Rasciani.^[72] The final desolation happened in the early 14th century during the reign of Stefan Milutin (1282–1321).^[71]

Late Middle Ages

During the 14th century, there was an important marketplace below the Stari Ras, Trgovište, that started to develop.^[73] The scholarly thesis of Novi Pazar being a continuation of Stari Ras by identifying it with Ras-Trgovište has by now been rejected.^[74] By the mid-15th century, in the time of the final Ottoman conquest of the region, another marketplace was developing to the east.^[75] The older place was known as Staro Trgovište ("old marketplace", Turkish: Eski Pazar) and younger as Novo Trgovište ("new marketplace", Turkish: Yeni Pazar).^[76] The latter developed into the modern city of Novi Pazar, and there is no medieval archaeological site found in the centre of Novi Pazar.^[77] In the Ottoman administrative division, Ras in 1455 was part of the vilayet of Skopje, by 1463 the nahiye of Ras existed within the vilayet of Jeleč (a fort 12 km south of Novi Pazar), and in 1475 Novi Pazar was founded, which soon became its centre (although Novi Pazar itself should not be considered as a continuity of Ras).^[78] The toponym of Ras vanished in the 18th century, influenced by the First of Great Migrations of the Serbs in the end of the 17th century.^[79]

Archaeological sites

Trgovište

Trgovište is located below Gradina-Pazarište, directly across the Raška river, by the Raška–Sebečevska confluence.^[83] It includes remains of urban settlement dating to 14–17th centuries, with older grave findings.^[83] An urn dating to the 8th century BC was found here.^[92]

Other sites

In the region of Raška also existed other ancient church buildings, a basilica in village Pope north of Pazarište and a church within Novi Pazar/Novopazarska Banja borders (both outside fortifications), and churches in Gradina-Postenje and Zlatni Kamen (both within fortifications).^[98] Such concentration could indicate the existence of an ancient episcopy (with a seat at a basilica near Pazarište), possibly connected to the ancient Bishopric of Ulpiana.^[99] The oldest early medieval church-building in Serbia, the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (also known as St. Peter's Church), was founded near Novi Pazar, sometime during the 9th century.^[100] Its commonly considered to have been built on the 6th century Byzantine foundations.^[101]

• 
  Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul
• 
  Đurđevi stupovi, 12th century
• 
  Sopoćani, 13th century