Sum (Unix)

The sum program is generally only useful for historical interest. It is not part of POSIX. Two algorithms are typically available: a BSD checksum and a SYSV checksum. Both are weaker than the already weak 32-bit CRC used by cksum.^[2]

The default algorithm on FreeBSD and GNU implementations is the BSD checksum. Switching between the two algorithms is done via command line options.^[2][1]

The two commonly used algorithms are as follows.

The BSD sum, -r in GNU sum and -o1 in FreeBSD cksum:

• Initialize checksum to 0
• For each byte of the input stream
  • Perform 16-bit bitwise right rotation by 1 bit on the checksum
  • Add the byte to the checksum, and apply modulo 2 ^ 16 to the result, thereby keeping it within 16 bits
• The result is a 16-bit checksum

The above algorithm appeared in Seventh Edition Unix.

The System V sum, -s in GNU sum and -o2 in FreeBSD cksum:

• checksum0 = sum of all bytes of the input stream modulo 2 ^ 32
• checksum1 = checksum0 modulo 2 ^ 16 + checksum0 / 2 ^ 16
• checksum = checksum1 modulo 2 ^16 + checksum1 / 2 ^ 16
• The result is a 16-bit checksum calculated from the initial 32-bit plain byte sum

The sum utility is invoked from the command line according to the following syntax:

sum [OPTION]... [FILE]...

with the possible option parameters being:

• -r
  • use BSD checksum algorithm, use 1K blocks (defeats -s)
• -s, --sysv
  • use SYSV checksum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks
• --help
  • display the help screen and exit
• --version
  • output version information and exit

When no file parameter is given, or when FILE is -, the standard input is used as input file.

Example of use:

$ echo Hello > testfile
$ sum testfile
36978     1

Example of -s use in GNU sum:

$ echo Hello > testfile
$ sum -s testfile
510 1 testfile

Example of using standard input, -r and printf to avoid newline:

$ printf Hello | sum -r
08401     1

• GNU Core Utilities
• UnxUtils port to native Win32