Superplastic forming

The major advantage of this process is that it can form large and complex workpieces in one operation. The finished product has excellent precision and a fine surface finish. It also does not suffer from springback or residual stresses. Products can also be made larger to eliminate assemblies or reduce weight, which is critical in aerospace applications.^[1] Lower strength required and less tooling costs. McDonnell Douglas utilized SPF design and production technology into the F-15 in the 1980s,^{[citation needed]} while in Europe an example of application can be found in some Eurofighter Typhoon assemblies ^[2][3](e.g. engine bays panels, foreplanes, slats).

The largest disadvantage of the process is its slow forming rate. Cycle times vary from two minutes to two hours, therefore it is usually used in low volume production applications.^[4][1] Another disadvantage is the non-uniformity of the produced part thickness.^[5] Several methods are used to improve the thickness uniformity of SPF parts. One is to apply a designed varying gas pressure profile instead of a constant pressure.^[6] Another approach is to tailor the contact friction between the die surface and the superplastic sheet.^[7]

• Hot metal gas forming
• Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding