Sycorax (moon)
Irregular moon of Uranus
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Sycorax (/ˈsɪkɒræks/; designated Uranus XVII or S/1997 U 2) is the largest irregular moon of Uranus, with a diameter of approximately 157 km. It was discovered on 6 September 1997 on the Hale Telescope in California. Sycorax's orbit is retrograde, irregular, and much more distant than that of Oberon, the furthest of Uranus's regular moons. It has been hypothesized that Sycorax is a captured object, as opposed to one that formed with Uranus.
One-hour timelapse of Sycorax moving in the sky, taken by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope on 24 August 2001 | |
| Discovery[1] | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | |
| Discovery site | Hale Telescope at Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 6 September 1997 |
| Designations | |
Designation | Uranus XVII |
| Pronunciation | /ˈsɪkɒræks/[2][3] |
Named after | Sycorax |
| S/1997 U 2 | |
| Adjectives | Sycoraxian /sɪkɒˈræksiən/[4] |
| Orbital characteristics[5] | |
| Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) | |
| Observation arc | 32.37 yr (11,815 d) |
| Earliest precovery date | 2 June 1984 |
| 12,193,230 km (0.0815067 AU) | |
| Eccentricity | 0.4841889 |
| 3.52 yr (1,286.28 d) | |
| 160.58731° | |
| 0° 16m 47.56s / day | |
| Inclination | 153.22796° (to the ecliptic) 159.403° (to local Laplace plane)[6] |
| 258.56478° | |
| 16.29680° | |
| Satellite of | Uranus |
| Physical characteristics | |
| 157+23 −15 km[7] 165+36 −42 km[8] | |
| Mass | ~2.5×1018 kg (estimate)[6] |
Mean density | ~1.3 g/cm3 (assumed)[6] |
| 6.9162±0.0013 hr (double-peaked)[7] 3.6 hr (single-peaked)[9] | |
| Albedo | 0.065+0.015 −0.011[7] 0.049+0.038 −0.017[8] |
| Temperature | ~65 K (mean estimate) |
Spectral type | B–V = 0.839 ± 0.014 V–R = 0.531 ± 0.005[9] |
| 20.8 (V)[10] | |
| 7.5±0.04[7] 7.83±0.06[8] | |
Discovery and naming
Sycorax was discovered by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and JJ Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale Telescope, together with Caliban. At the time, it was given the temporary designation S/1997 U 2.[1] Officially confirmed as Uranus XVII, it was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. This follows the trend that all Uranian moons are named after Shakespearean characters or those from Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock.[11] The name Sycorax was approved by the IAU no later than March 1999.[12]
Orbit
Uranus · Sycorax · Francisco · Caliban · Stephano · Trinculo
Sycorax follows a distant orbit, more than 20 times further from Uranus than the furthest regular moon, Oberon.[1] Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric. The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting a common origin.[13] However, Sycorax has a much redder color than the other moons, which tend to be gray in color.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde irregular satellites of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Physical characteristics
The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 157 km, based on the thermal emission data from Herschel Space telescopes,[7] making it the largest irregular satellite of Uranus, comparable in size with Puck and with Himalia, the biggest irregular satellite of Jupiter. At the same time, Sycorax is the seventh largest moon of Uranus.
The satellite appears light-red in the visible spectrum (colour indices B–V = 0.87 V–R = 0.44,[14] B–V = 0.78 ± 0.02 V–R = 0.62 ± 0.01,[13] B–V = 0.839 ± 0.014 V–R = 0.531 ± 0.005[9]), redder than Himalia but still less red than most Kuiper belt objects. However, in the near infrared, the spectrum turns blue between 0.8 and 1.25 μm[clarification needed] and finally becomes neutral at the longer wavelengths.[10]
The rotation period of Sycorax is estimated at 6.9 hours.[7] Rotation causes periodical variations of the visible magnitude with the amplitude of 0.12.[7] The rotation axis of Sycorax is unknown, though measurements of its light curve suggest it is being viewed at a near equator-on configuration. In this case, Sycorax may have a north pole right ascension around 356° and a north pole declination around 45°.[7]
Origin
It is hypothesized that Sycorax is a captured object; it did not form in the accretion disk which existed around Uranus just after its formation. No exact capture mechanism is known, but capturing a moon requires the dissipation of energy. Possible capture processes include gas drag in the protoplanetary disk and many-body interactions and capture during the fast growth of Uranus's mass (so-called pull-down).[15][9]
Exploration
Sycorax has not been imaged up close by a space probe. Since its discovery, observations have been limited to Earth-based telescopes.
