São Luís-Teresina Railway

In the 19th century, the economy of Maranhão was based on the export of cotton and operated by steamship companies on the Itapecuru River, which bordered the producing regions, such as the municipality of Caxias. São Luís, the capital of Maranhão, had a textile industrial park and required a more efficient form of transportation. As a result, a railway line was planned to link the main cotton-producing center with São Luís and connect the largest urban centers in Maranhão. It should also supply other products, especially babassu, whose oil was beginning to be purchased by Europe.^[1][3]

Despite the need for a railroad, construction only took place in the 20th century, which contributed to the decline in the cotton economy. In 1895, the line connecting Caxias to the village of Cajazeiras (now Timon), on the banks of the Parnaíba River, was inaugurated. In 1905, Federal Law no. 1329 was passed, ordering the construction of a railroad between São Luís and Caxias.^[4] Former President Afonso Pena visited Maranhão, took a trip down the Itapecuru River in the company of the then Governor Benedito Leite, noticed the difficulty of navigation and authorized the construction of the railway.^[1][5]

The stretch from São Luís to Caximbos (district of Cantanhede) was opened in 1919 and extended to Caxias in 1920. The Benedito Leite Metallic Bridge over the Mosquitos Strait, linking the Upaon-açu Island to the mainland, was completed in 1928. On March 5, 1921, celebrated as the official inauguration, a train departed from Cajazeiras to Rosário. João Pessoa Station, in the center of São Luís, was inaugurated in 1929. Until 1938, the train came from São Luís and stopped at Timon station, a town near Teresina. In 1938, the tracks reached Teresina after the João Luis Ferreira Metallic Bridge was opened. The first trip between the cities of São Luís and Teresina took place on December 31, 1938. The railroad was incorporated into Rede Ferroviária Federal (RFFSA) in 1957.^[1][2][6][7]

In São Luís, the railroad is divided into two branches: a 17 kilometers mixed-gauge branch to the Port of Itaqui built in the 1970s, which allows Carajás Railway trains to circulate past the junction at Pombinho Station; and a 14 kilometers branch to the Tirirical district, where the Ferrovia Transnordestina Logística (FTL) Yard is located. The stretch that goes through Campo de Perizes, in Bacabeira, required the removal of its tracks in the process of widening BR-135, to accommodate the central median that separates the two lanes. The new tracks were fixed alongside the widened roadway, completed in 2018.^{[1][8][9][10]}

In the 1990s, the lines were transferred to Companhia Ferroviária do Nordeste (CFN), which changed its name to Transnordestina Logística. In 2013, it was divided into Ferrovia Transnordestina Logística (FTL), which is responsible for operating the metric-gauge lines of Malha I; and Transnordestina Logística S.A. (TLSA), responsible for Malha II, with a broad and mixed gauge under construction.^[11][12][13] Currently, the railroad is mainly used to transport fuel between the Port of Itaqui (São Luís) and Teresina.^[1]

In 2012, the Port of Itaqui was responsible for 54.2% of the gasoline and 49.8% of the diesel imported into Brazil. In the same year, 1 million liters of gasoline and 1.3 million liters of diesel oil arrived daily in Teresina, 60% arrives by rail and 40% by road. Every day, 40 wagons with a capacity of 42,000 liters were unloaded in Teresina. In 2014, there were averages of over 1,500 wagons loaded per month, with a total of 712,000 cubic meters in the year.^{[14][15][16][17][18]}

In 2018, the railroad transported cement to São Luís, as well as corrective limestone, clinker, containers and wooden pallets via the junction with the Teresina-Fortaleza Railway, enabling interconnection between the ports of Itaqui (MA), Pecém (CE) and Mucuripe (CE).^[19] In the same year, around 742 million liters of fuel were transported by rail. Pulp is transported between the Suzano unit in Imperatriz (MA) and São Luís by Valor da Logística Integrada (VLI) on the North-South Railway (FNS) and the Carajás Railway (EFC). Access to the Port of Itaqui, where Suzano has a warehouse, is handled by Transnordestina Logística. In 2020, this movement reached 9.4 million tons of pulp.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}

There were passenger trains on the line until the 1980s. Most of the stations are in ruins, but some have been preserved by local governments.^[1]