List of Euphorbiaceae genera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Here is a full taxonomy of the family Euphorbiaceae, according to the most recent molecular research.[1] This complex family previously comprised five subfamilies:[1] the Acalyphoideae, the Crotonoideae, the Euphorbioideae, the Phyllanthoideae and the Oldfieldioideae. The first three are uni-ovulate families, and the last two are bi-ovulate.
Now the Euphorbiaceae has been split into five families: The three uni-ovulate subfamilies have become the Euphorbiaceae in the strict sense, with the tribe Galearieae in the Acalyphoideae forming most of the family Pandaceae.[1] Part of the bi-ovulate subfamily Phyllanthoideae has become the family Phyllanthaceae,[1] with the tribe Drypeteae as family Putranjivaceae.[1] The other bi-ovulate subfamily Oldfieldioideae has become the Picrodendraceae.[1] The genera Chaetocarpus, Clutia, Pera, Pogonophora, and Trigonopleura are now placed in family Peraceae.[2]
Plants of the World Online places genus Phyllanoa in Euphorbiaceae.[3] Hayden et al. place it in Violaceae.[4]
Subfamily Acalyphoideae
Tribe Acalypheae
There are 12 subtribes and 32 genera:
- Subtribe Acalyphinae
- Acalypha L. (synonyms Acalyphes, Acalyphopsis, Calyptrospatha, Caturus, Corythea, Cupameni, Galurus, Gymnalypha, Linostachys, Mercuriastrum, Odonteilema, Paracelsea, Ricinocarpus, Schizogyne, Usteria)
- Subtribe Adrianinae
- Adriana Gaudich. (synonyms Meialisa, Trachycaryon)
- Subtribe Claoxylinae
- Claoxylon A.Juss. (synonyms Erythrochilus, Erythrochylus)
- Claoxylopsis Leandri
- Discoclaoxylon (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Erythrococca Benth. (synonyms Athroandra, Autrandra, Chloropatane, Deflersia, Poggeophyton, Rivinoides)
- Micrococca Benth.
- Subtribe Cleidiinae
- Cleidion Blume (synonyms Lasiostyles, Psilostachys, Redia, Tetraglossa)
- Sampantaea Airy Shaw
- Wetria Baill. (synonyms Pseudotrewia)
- Subtribe Dysopsidinae
- Dysopsis Baill. (synonyms Mirabellia, Molina)
- Subtribe Lasiococcinae
- Clonostylis S.Moore
- Homonoia Lour. (synonyms Haematospermum, Lumanaja)
- Lasiococca Hook.f.
- Spathiostemon Blume (synonym Polydragma)
- Subtribe Lobaniliinae
- Lobanilia Radcl.-Sm.
- Subtribe Macaranginae
- Macaranga Thouars (synonyms Adenoceras, Mappa, Mecostylis, Pachystemon, Panopia, Phocea, Tanarius)
- Subtribe Mareyinae
- Mareya Baill.
- Mareyopsis Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Subtribe Mercurialinae
- Mercurialis L. (synonyms Cynocrambe, Discoplis, Synema)
- Leidesia Müll.Arg.
- Seidelia Baill.
- Subtribe Ricininae
- Ricinus L. - castor bean
- Subtribe Rottlerinae
- Avellanita Phil.
- Hancea Seem. (synonyms Boutonia Bojer, Cordemoya Baill., Deuteromallotus Pax & K.Hoffm., Diplochlamys Müll.Arg.)
- Mallotus Lour. (synonyms Aconceveibum, Axenfeldia, Coelodiscus, Diplochlamys, Echinocroton, Echinus, Hancea, Lasipana, Plagianthera, Rottlera,Stylanthus)
- Rockinghamia Airy Shaw
Tribe Adelieae
There are 6 genera:
- Adelia L. (synonym Ricinella)
- Crotonogynopsis Pax
- Enriquebeltrania Rzed. (synonym Beltrania)
- Garciadelia Jestrow & Jiménez Rodr.
- Lasiocroton Griseb.
- Leucocroton Griseb.
Tribe Agrostistachydeae
There are 4 genera:
- Agrostistachys Dalzell (synonyms Heterocalyx, Sarcoclinium)
- Chondrostylis Boerl. (synonym Kunstlerodendron)
- Cyttaranthus J.Léonard
- Pseudagrostistachys Pax & K.Hoffm.
Tribe Alchorneae
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Alchorneinae
- Alchornea Sw. (synonyms Bleekeria, Cladodes, Hermesia, Lepidoturus, Schousboea, Stipellaria)
- Aparisthmium Endl.
- Aubletiana J.Murillo
- Bocquillonia Baill. (synonym Ramelia)
- Bossera Leandri
- Orfilea Baill. (synonym Diderotia, Laurembergia)
- Subtribe Conceveibinae
- Conceveiba Aubl. (synonyms Conceveibastrum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. , Gavarretia Baill., Polyandra Leal, and Veconcibea (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.)
Tribe Ampereae
There are 2 genera:
Tribe Bernardieae
There are 6 genera:
- Adenophaedra (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
- Afrotrewia Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Amyrea Leandri
- Bahiana J.F.Carrión
- Bernardia Houst. ex Mill. (synonyms Alevia, Bernarda, Bernhardia, Bivonia, Passaea, Phaedra, Polyboea, Traganthus, Tyria)
- Discocleidion Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Necepsia Prain (synonyms Neopalissya, Palissya)
- Paranecepsia Prain
Tribe Caryodendreae
There are 3 genera:
- Alchorneopsis Müll.Arg.
- Caryodendron H.Karst. (synonym Centrodiscus)
- Discoglypremna Prain
Tribe Cheiloseae
There are 2 genera:
- Cheilosa Blume
- Neoscortechinia Pax (synonym Alcineanthus, Scortechinia)
Tribe Chrozophoreae
This tribe has 4 subtribes and 12 genera:
- Subtribe Chrozophorinae
- Chrozophora Neck. ex A.Juss. (synonyms Crossophora, Crozophora, Ricinoides, Tournesol, Tournesolia)
- Subtribe Ditaxinae
- Argythamnia P.Browne (synonyms Argithamnia, Argothamnia, Argyrothamnia, Argytamnia, Aphora Nutt., Ditaxis Vahl ex A.Juss., Odotalon Raf., Paxia Herter, Paxiuscula Herter, Serophyton Benth., Stenonia Didr.)
- Caperonia A.St.-Hil. (synonyms Acanthopyxis, Androphoranthus, Cavanilla, Lepidococea, Meterana)
- Chiropetalum A.Juss. (synonyms Aonikena, Desfontaena, Desfontaina, Desfontainea)
- Philyra Klotzsch (synonym Phyllera)
- Subtribe Doryxylinae
- Doryxylon Zoll. (synonyms Mercadoa, Sumbavia)
- Melanolepis Rchb.f. & Zoll.
- Sumbaviopsis J.J.Sm. (synonyms Adisa, Adisca)
- Thyrsanthera Pierre ex Gagnep.
- Subtribe Speranskiinae
- Speranskia Baill.
Tribe Dicoelieae
This tribe has one genus:
- Dicoelia Benth.
Tribe Epiprineae
There are 2 subtribes and 9 genera:
- Subtribe Epiprininae
- Adenochlaena Boivin ex Baill. (synonyms Niedenzua, Centrostylis)
- Cephalocroton Hochst.
- Cephalocrotonopsis Pax
- Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span. (synonyms Adenogynum, Baprea, Chloradenia)
- Cleidiocarpon Airy Shaw (synonym Sinopimelodendron)
- Epiprinus Griff.
- Koilodepas Hassk. (synonyms Caelodepas, Calpigyne, Coelodepas, Nephrostylus)
- Tsaiodendron Y.H.Tan, H.Zhu & H.Sun
- Subtribe Cephalomappinae
- Cephalomappa Baill. (synonym Muricococcum Chun & F.C.How)
Tribe Erismantheae
There are 3 genera:
- Erismanthus Wall. ex Müll.Arg.
- Moultonianthus Merr.
- Syndyophyllum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
Tribe Omphaleae
This tribe only has 1 genus:
- Omphalea L. (synonyms Duchola, Hebecocca, Hecatea, Neomphalea, Omphalandria, Ronnowia)
Tribe Plukenetieae
There are 3 subtribes and 18 genera:
- Subtribe Dalechampiinae
- Dalechampia Plum. ex L. (synonyms Cremophyllum, Dalechampsia, Megalostylis, Rhopalostylis)
- Subtribe Plukenetiinae
- Angostylis Benth. (synonym Angostyles)
- Astrococcus Benth.
- Haematostemon Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Plukenetia L. (synonyms Accia, Angostylidium, Apopandra, Botryanthe, Ceratococcus, Elaeophora, Eleutherostigma, Fragariopsis, Hedraiostylus, Pseudotragia, Pterococcus, Sajorium, Tetracarpidium or Vigia)
- Romanoa Trevis. (synonyms Anabaena, Anabaenella)
- Subtribe Tragiinae
- Acidoton Sw. (synonym Durandeeldia Kuntze)
- Bia Klotzsch
- Chicomendes W.Cordeiro & M.F.Sales[5]
- Cnesmone Blume (synonyms Cenesmon, Cnesmosa)
- Gitara Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Megistostigma Hook.f. (synonym Clavistylus)
- Monadelpha L.J.Gillespie & Card.-McTeag.
- Pachystylidium Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Platygyna P.Mercier (synonym Acanthocaulon)
- Sphaerostylis Baill.
- Tragia Plum. ex L. (synonyms Agirta, Allosandra, Ctenomeria, Lassia, Leptobotrys, Leptorhachis, Leucandra, Schorigeram)
- Tragiella Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Zuckertia Baill.
Tribe Pycnocomeae
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Blumeodendrinae
- Blumeodendron (Müll.Arg.) Kurz
- Botryophora Hook.f. (synonyms Botryospora, Botryphora)
- Podadenia Thwaites
- Ptychopyxis Miq. (synonym Clarorivinia)
- Subtribe Pycnocominae
- Argomuellera Pax (synonyms Neopycnocoma, Wetriaria)
- Droceloncia J.Léonard
- Pycnocoma Benth. (synonym Comopyena)
Tribe Sphyranthereae
There is only 1 genus:
- Sphyranthera Hook.f.
Subfamily Crotonoideae
Tribe Adenoclineae
There are 2 subtribes and 6 genera:
- Subtribe Adenoclininae
- Adenocline Turcz. (synonyms Adenoclina, Diplostylis, Paradenocline)
- Ditta Griseb.
- Glycydendron Ducke
- Klaineanthus Pierre ex Prain
- Tetrorchidium Poepp. (synonyms Hasskarlia, Tetrorchidiopsis)
- Subtribe Endosperminae
- Endospermum Benth. (synonym Capellenia)
Tribe Aleuritideae
This tribe has 6 subtribes and 14 genera:
- Subtribe Aleuritinae
- Subtribe Benoistiinae
- Benoistia H.Perrier & Leandri
- Subtribe Crotonogyninae
- Crotonogyne Müll.Arg. (synonym Neomanniophyton)
- Cyrtogonone Prain
- Manniophyton Müll.Arg.
- Subtribe Grosserinae
- Subtribe Neoboutoniinae
- Neoboutonia Müll.Arg.
Tribe Codiaeae
There are 15 genera:
- Acidocroton Griseb.
- Baliospermum Blume
- Baloghia Endl. (synonym Steigeria)
- Blachia Baill. (synonym Deonia)
- Codiaeum Rumph. ex A.Juss. (synonyms Crozophyla, Junghuhnia, Phyllaurea, Synaspisma)
- Colobocarpos Esser & Welzen
- Dodecastigma Ducke
- Fontainea Heckel
- Hylandia Airy Shaw
- Ophellantha Standl.
- Ostodes Blume
- Pantadenia Gagnep.
- Pausandra Radlk.
- Sagotia Baill.
- Strophioblachia Boerl.
- Tritaxis Baill. (synonym Dimorphocalyx Thwaites)
Tribe Crotoneae
There are 6 genera:
- Astraea Klotzsch
- Brasiliocroton P.E.Berry & Cordeiro
- Croton L. (synonyms Agelandra, Aldinia, Angelandra, Anisepta, Anisophyllum, Argyra, Argyrodendron, Astraea, Astrogyne, Aubertia, Banalia, Barhamia, Brachystachys, Calypteriopetalon, Cascarilla, Centrandra, Cieca, Cleodora, Codonocalyx, Comatocroton, Crotonanthus, Crotonopsis, Cubacroton Alain, Cyclostigma, Decarinium, Drepadenium, Eluteria, Engelmannia, Eremocarpus, Eutrophia, Friesia, Furcaria, Geiseleria, Gynamblosis, Halecus, Hendecandas, Heptallon, Heterochlamys, Heterocroton, Julocroton, Klotzschiphytum, Kurkas, Lasiogyne, Leptemon, Leucadenia, Luntia, Macrocroton, Medea, Merleta, Moacroton Croizat, Monguia, Myriogomphus, Ocalia, Oxydectes, Palanostigma, Penteca, Pilinophyton, Piscaria, Pleopadium, Podostachys, Saipania, Schradera, Semilta, Tiglium, Timandra, Tridesmis, Triplandra, Vandera)
- Mildbraedia Pax (synonyms Neojatropha, Plesiatropha)
- Paracroton Miq. (synonyms Desmostemon, Fahrenheitia)
- Radcliffea Petra Hoffm. & K.Wurdack
Tribe Elateriospermeae
This tribe only has 1 genus:
- Elateriospermum Blume (synonyms Elaterioides, Elaterispermum)
Tribe Gelonieae
This tribe has 2 genera:
- Cladogelonium Leandri
- Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler (synonyms Ceratophorus, Erythrocarpus, Gelonium, Owataria)
Tribe Jatropheae
There are 8 genera:
- Annesijoa Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Chlamydojatropha Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Deutzianthus Gagnep. (synonym Loerzingia Airy Shaw)
- Jatropha L. (synonyms Adenorhopium, Adenoropium, Castiglionia, Collenucia, Curcas, Jatropa, Loureira, Mesandrinia, Mozinna, Zimapania)
- Joannesia Vell. (synonyms Anda, Andicus)
- Leeuwenbergia Letouzey & N.Hallé
- Oligoceras Gagnep.
- Vaupesia R.E.Schult.
Tribe Manihoteae
This tribe has 2 genera:
- Cnidoscolus Pohl (synonyms Bivonea, Jussieuia, Mandioca, Victorinia)
- Manihot Mill. (synonyms Hotnima, Janipha, Manihotoides)
Tribe Micrandreae
There are 2 subtribes and 3 genera:
- Subtribe Heveinae
- Hevea Aubl. (synonyms Caoutchoua J.F.Gmel., Micrandra R.Br., Siphonanthus Schreb. ex Baill., Siphonia Rich.)
- Subtribe Micrandrinae
- Micrandra Benth. (synonyms Clusiophyllum Müll.Arg., Cunuria Baill. Pogonophyllum Didr.)
- Micrandropsis W.A.Rodrigues
Tribe Ricinocarpeae
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
- Subtribe Bertyinae
- Bertya Planch. (synonym Lambertya)
- Borneodendron Airy Shaw
- Cocconerion Baill.
- Myricanthe Airy Shaw
- Subtribe Ricinocarpinae
- Alphandia Baill.
- Beyeria Miq. (synonyms Beyeriopsis, Calyptrostigma, Clavipodium)
- Ricinocarpos Desf. (synonyms Echinosphaera, Ricinocarpus, Roeperia)
- Shonia R.J.F.Hend. & Halford
Tribe Ricinodendreae
There are 3 genera:
- Givotia Griff.
- Ricinodendron Müll.Arg.
- Schinziophyton Hutch. ex Radcl.Sm.
Tribe Trigonostemoneae
There is only 1 genus:
- Trigonostemon Blume (synonyms Actephilopsis, Athroisma, Enchidium, Kurziodendron, Neotrigonostemon, Nepenthandra, Poilaniella, Prosartema, Silvaea, Telogyne, Tylosepalum)
- Tritaxis Baill.
Subfamily Euphorbioideae
Tribe Euphorbieae
This tribe has 3 subtribes and 6 genera:
- Subtribe Anthosteminae
- Anthostema A.Juss.
- Dichostemma Pierre
- Subtribe Euphorbiinae
- Euphorbia L. (synonyms Ademo, Adenopetalum, Adenorima, Agaloma, Aklema, Alectoroctonum, Allobia, Anisophyllum, Anthacantha, Aplarina, Arthrothamnus, Bojeria, Ceraselma, Chamaesyce, Characias, Chylogala, Crepidaria, Ctenadena, Cubanthus Millsp. Cyathophora, Cystidospermum, Dactylanthes, Dematra, Desmonema, Diadenaria, Dichrophyllum, Dichylium, Diplocyathium, Ditritra, Elaeophorbia, Endadenium, Endoisila, Epurga, Esula, Euforbia, Eumecanthus, Euphorbiastrum, Euphorbiodendron, Euphorbiopsis, Euphorbium, Galarhoeus, Hexadenia, Kanopikon, Kobiosis, Lacanthis, Lathyris, Lepadena, Leptopus, Lophobios, Lortia, Lyciopsis, Medusea, Monadenium, Nisomenes, Ossifraga, Peccana, Pedilanthus, Petalandra, Pleuradena, Poinsettia, Pythius, Sclerocyathium, Stenadenium, Sterigmanthe, Synadenium, Tithymaloides, Tithymalopsis, Tithymalus, Torfasadis, Treisia, Tricherostigma, Trichosterigma, Tumalis, Vallaris, Ventenatia, Xamesike, Zalitea, Zygophyllidium)
- Subtribe Neoguillauminiinae
- Calycopeplus Planch.
- Neoguillauminia Croizat
Tribe Hippomaneae
This tribe has 2 subtribes and 33 genera:
- Gradyana Athiê-Souza, A.L.Melo & M.F.Sales[7]
- Incadendron K.Wurdack & Farfán[8]
- Subtribe Carumbiinae
- Homalanthus A.Juss. (synonyms Carumbium, Dibrachion, Dibrachium, Duania, Wartmannia)
- Subtribe Hippomaninae
- Actinostemon Mart. ex Klotzsch (synonym Dactylostemon)
- Adenopeltis Bertero ex A.Juss.
- Anomostachys (Baill.) Hurus.
- Balakata Esser
- Bonania A.Rich. (synonym Hypocoton)
- Colliguaja Molina
- Conosapium Müll.Arg.
- Dalembertia Baill. (synonym Alcoceria)
- Dendrocousinsia Millsp.
- Dendrothrix Esser
- Ditrysinia Raf.
- Excoecaria L. (synonyms Commia, Glyphostylus)
- Falconeria Royle
- Grimmeodendron Urb.
- Gymnanthes Sw. (synonyms Adenogyne, Ateramnus, Duvigneaudia J.Léonard)
- Hippomane L. (synonyms Mancanilla, Mancinella)
- Mabea Aubl.
- Maprounea Aubl. (synonyms Aegopicron, Aegopricon, Aegopricum)
- Microstachys A.Juss.
- Neoshirakia Esser (synonym Shirakia)
- Pleradenophora Esser
- Pseudosenefeldera Esser
- Rhodothyrsus Esser
- Sapium Jacq. (synonyms Carumbium, Gymnobothrys, Sapiopsis, Seborium, Shirakiopsis, Stillingfleetia, Taeniosapium)
- Sclerocroton Hochst.
- Sebastiania Spreng. (synonyms Clonostachys, Cnemidostachys, Elachocroton, Gussonia, Microstachys, Sarothrostachys, Tragiopsis)
- Senefeldera Mart.
- Senefelderopsis Steyerm.
- Shirakiopsis Esser
- Spegazziniophytum Esser
- Spirostachys Sond.
- Stillingia L. (synonyms Gymnostillingia)
- Triadica Lour.
Tribe Hureae
There are 4 genera:
- Algernonia Baill. (synonyms Dendrobryon Klotzsch ex Pax, Tetraplandra Baill.)
- Hura L.
- Ophthalmoblapton Allemão
Tribe Pachystromateae
There is one genus:
- Pachystroma Müll.Arg. (synonym Acantholoma)
Tribe Stomatocalyceae
There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:
- Subtribe Hamilcoinae
- Hamilcoa Prain
- Nealchornea Huber
- Subtribe Stomatocalycinae
- Pimelodendron Hassk. (synonym Stomatocalyx)
- Plagiostyles Pierre