Temnikov Principality
Former country
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The Temnikov Principality or Tümen Principality (Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı,[6] Italian: Tartari di Mordua, lit. 'Mordvin Tatars'), also known as or the Bekhanid Principality of Tümen was a Mishar and Moksha[7] principality in Eastern Mishar Yurt (Temnikovsky and Kadomsky Uyezds).[8] The state was closely allied with the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Bekhanid Principality of Tümen | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1388–1684 | |||||||||||
Flag during the reign of Öz Beg Khan as shown in Dulcert's 1339 map (other sources claim that the Golden Horde was named for the yellow banner of the khan[1]). | |||||||||||
 Mordvin Tatars subject to Muscovy in 1684 | |||||||||||
| Status | Grand Duchy of Moscow protectorate since 1684 | ||||||||||
| Capital | Tümen(Tatar: Tömän kalası)[2] | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Turki (official), Tatar, Moksha | ||||||||||
| Religion | Paganism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Prince (*Gyula)[3] | |||||||||||
• 1388 | *Kegyes Ténes[4] | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||
• First mention of the principality | 1388 | ||||||||||
• protectorate of Grand Duchy of Moscow | 1684 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Dang, Pul, Soum, Dirham[5] | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | Russian Federation | ||||||||||
Etymology
Tatar: Төмән ханлыгы, romanized: Tömän xanlığı and Church Slavonic: темник means tümen commander and refers to the city founder Prince Tenish Kugushev or his immediate ancestors.[9] Other scholars M. Safargaliev, P. Chermensky consider Temnikov second one in importance ulus centre after Mukhsha since the etymology of the placename itself points at Golden Horde tümen commander's headquarters.[10]
History
The principality was established by Prince Bekhan in 1388.[11][12] The principality later expanded and comprised territories between Oka-Tsena-Sura interfluve in Northern, Western and Eastern Mokshaland. Temnikov, Kadom, Sacony and Andreev townlet had been destroyed during the period of Muscovy and Ryazan Principality raids in the first decades of the 15th century and later rebuilt in new sites. It was confirmed by archeological findings in the 1960s.[13]
Genetics
Members at Family TreeDNA tracing royal descent to Prince Bekhan of the Temnikov Principality, are grouped as (07 Tatar Princes – Bekhanids) in the Russian Nobility DNA project. All members belong to Y-haplogroup J2b-L283 > Y12000.[14]
Tümen Princes
Administration
The Principality was divided into belyaks.