Tengku Mansur

Mansur was a member of the Asahan royal family, an uncle of Sultan Saiboen. He studied medicine at the STOVIA medical school in Batavia, where from 1917 to 1919 he was the founding chairman of the Jong Sumatranen Bond, a Sumatran nationalist organization. He subsequently continued his medical studies in Leiden, where he specialized in surgery. There, he met and married a Dutch woman. He later worked as a doctor in Sulawesi and Batavia, then returned to Medan where he became a highly respected surgeon and wrote medical books in the Malay language.^[1][2]

In February 1940, Mansur was elected head of the East Sumatra Association (Persatuan Sumatera Timur - PST), an organisation that had been established in April 1938 to educate and improve the welfare of indigenous people, principally Malays, Karos, and Simalungun people. Although it had been formed by non-aristocratic people, it was thought that having a member of the Asahan royal family as leader would increase its influence and attract more members. By 1941, the organisation had 900 members.^[2][3][4]

In 1942, the Japanese invaded and occupied the East Indies. In June 1943, the Japanese government announced that Indonesians would be permitted "political participation" and this resulted in advisory councils (shu sangi kai) being set up in each residency to consider questions put to them by the local Japanese leadership. In March 1945, Mansur was appointed chairman of the Japanese East Sumatra advisory council.^[5]

On 15 August 1945, the Japanese surrendered, and two days later, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia in Jakarta. However, this surrender was only announced a week later, while the proclamation was only known about by the Indonesian elite, who worried that it would upset the relationships between the various groups. On 29 August, Mansur invited prominent Indonesian figures to his house to discuss their response to the events. There were two outcomes from this meeting: a statement asking the people to stay calm, and the establishment of a committee led by Mansur and the Sultan of Langkat tasked with explaining to the victorious Allies why they had needed to cooperate with this Japanese. This was an attempt to avoid accusations of collaboration. Rumors soon spread that this was in fact a committee established to welcome the returning Dutch colonial forces, or even to seize power in the meantime. The sultans and the Sumatran elite, anxious to protect their own status and interests, had been hoping for the return of the Dutch and for what they saw as the normal state of affairs to be restored. Masur made a decision to not cooperate with the republic. However, pro-independence activists were much stronger in their support for the Republic of Indonesia. Tensions between the two sides grew more intense, and culminated in the outbreak of the East Sumatra "social revolution" in March 1946. A large number of aristocrats were killed, and the sultanates were dissolved. According to a Dutch report, 127 of Mansur's relatives were killed in this period.^[6][7][8]