Territories of Majapahit

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The extent of Majapahit according to some sources. But not according to Nagarakretagama, which also included western Java into the empire, as Sunda was explicitly claimed according to canto 42 of the manuscript.

According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".

The names below are based on manuscript sources, both from Majapahit and Malay manuscripts as well as Chinese sources, but little physical evidence remains of an area's recognition of state power.

Included were the kingdoms of Sunda and Madura, because Majapahit claimed the whole of Java.[1][2][3] Sunda kingdom became a nominal vassal of Majapahit after the battle of Bubat of 1357, although it can be denied that the discovery of the Horren inscription resulted in a counterattack.[4]

Canto 6

Stanza 4

3. Sakweh śri yawa raja sapada madudwan nagaratunggalan (All Javanese kings were guests, they were from different countries but)
4. ekhasthana ri wilwatikta mangisapwi sang narendradipa. (unite to Wilwatikta to support the great king)

Canto 42

Stanza 2

4. Ndatan lingen i sunda len madhura pan satanah i yawa bhakti tan salah (Not mentioned were Sunda and Madhura because they are Javanese and devoted, it's not wrong)

Canto 13

Stanza 1

  1. Lwir ning nusa pranusa pramuka sakahawat ksoni ri Malayu
  2. nang Jambi mwang Palembang karitang i Teba len Dharmmaśraya tumut,
  3. Kandis Kahwas Manangkabwa ri Siyak i Rekan Kampar mwang i Pane,
  4. Kampe Harw athawe Mandahiling i Tumihang Parllak mwang i Barat

Stanza 2

  1. Hi lwas lawan Samudra mwang i Lamuri Batan Lampung mwang i Barus
  2. yekadinyang watek bhumi Malayu satanah kapwamateh anut,
  3. len tekang nusa Tanjung Nagara ri Kapuhas lawan ri Katingan,
  4. Sampit mwang Kutalingga mwang i Kutawaringin Sambas mwang i Lawai

Canto 14

Stanza 1

  1. Kadangdangan i Landa len ri Samedhang Tirem tan kasah,
  2. ri Sedu Buruneng ri Kalka Saludhung ri Solot Pasir,
  3. Baritw i Sawaku muwah ri Tabalung ri Tunjung Kute,
  4. Lawan ri Malano makapramuka tang ri Tanjungpura.

Stanza 2

  1. Ikang sakahawan Pahang pramuka tang Hujung Medini,
  2. ri Lengkasuka len ri Saimwang i Kalanten i Tringgano,
  3. Naśor Pakamuwar Dhungun ri Tumasik ri Sanghyang Hujung,
  4. Kelang Keda Jere ri Kanjap i niran sanusapupul

Stanza 3

  1. Sawetan ikanang tanah Jawa muwah ya warnnanen,
  2. ri Bali makamukya tang Badahulu mwang Lwagajah,
  3. Gurun makamukha Sukun ri Taliwang ri Dompo Sapi,
  4. ri Sanghyang Api Bhima Sheran i Hutan Kadaly apupul

Stanza 4

  1. Muwah tang i Gurun sanusa mangaram ri Lombok Mirah,
  2. lawan tikang i Saksak adinikalun kahajyan kabeh,
  3. muwah tanah i Bantayan pramuka Bantayan len Luwuk,
  4. tekeng Uda Makatrayadhi nikanang sanusapupul.

Stanza 5

  1. Ikang saka sanusa Makhasar Butung Banggawi,
  2. Kunir Ggaliyau mwang i(ng) Salaya Sumba Solot Muar,
  3. muwah tikang i Wandan Ambwan athawa Maloko Wwanin,
  4. ri Seran i Timur makadining angeka nusatutur.

In this list also given the modern name of a place if it has been agreed by historians.

Interpretation

Sumatra

Sumatra is referred to in Negarakretagama as "Malayu"

Name Interpretation
Jambi Jambi
Palembang Palembang
Karitang 1. Keritang Kingdom (now Keritang District, Keritang, Indragiri Hilir)

2. Karitang, South Indragiri

3. Karitang in the south of Jambi3

Teba 1. Muaro Tebo, Jambi

2. Headwaters of Jambi2

3. Tebo in the south of Dharmasraya3

Dharmashraya 1. Darmasraya Kingdom

2. The island of Punjung, Siguntur, upstream of the Batanghari river2

3. Dharmasraya in the west of Jambi3

Kandis 1. Kandis Kingdom

2. Kandis, a tributary of the Kwantan, near Koto Tua2

3. Kandi, vassal area of Lubuk Jantan, on the Sinamar river2

4. Kandis north of Dharmasraya3

Kahwas 1. Kahwas

2. Kawai, between Kandi and Tanjung1

3. Kawas in the west of Minangkabau2

Manangkabwa Minangkabau, pre-Pagaruyung period society
Siyak Siak Regency, the pre-sultanate community of Siak
Rekan Rokan (Rokan Hilir-Rokan Hulu)
Kampar Kampar
Pane 1. Panai

2. Pane3

Kampe 1. Kampai Island, now an island in Langkat Regency

2. Kompe1

3. Kampei, one of 4 tribes in Petapahan on the Tapung Kiri river upstream of Siak: Peliang, Ceniaga, Kampai, and Domo/Muara Takus2

4. Kampe3

Haru 1. (H)aru Kingdom, centered in Deli Tua, Deli Serdang Regency now

2. Haru area around Kalue in Aceh1

3. Aru, the east coast of Sumatra2

4. Haru, the area north of the Asahan river3

Mandahiling 1. Mandailing

2. Mandahiling3

Tumihang Aceh Tamiang
Parlak 1. Peureulak

2. Parllah1

3. Perlak2

4. Parllak3

Barat 1. Darat1

2. Aceh's west coast2

3. Barat3

Lwas 1. Padang Lawas

2. Lawas1

3. Padang Lawas or Gayu Luas2

Samudra 1. Sultanate of Samudera Pasai

2. Samudra near Lhokseumawe, Aceh123

Lamuri 1. Lambri (Lamuri) Kingdom, the center is now a village in Aceh Besar District

2. Lamuri in Aceh Besar123

Batan 1. Bintan Island

2. Batam2

Lampung Lampung123
Barus Barus, Central Tapanuli (or Pancur, sub-district in present-day Central Tapanuli Regency)123

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [5]
3 See [6]

Borneo

Borneo is referred to as "Nusa Tanjung Nagara" and/or "Tanjungpuri"

Name Interpretation
Kapuhas 1. Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan

2. Kapuas area east of the Landak in West Kalimantan1

3. Kapuas area in Kapuas district in Central Kalimantan3

Katingan 1. Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan

2. Katingan, Mendawei river, in Sampit2

Sampit Sampit (now the capital city of East Kotawaringin Regency)
Kutalingga 1. Kuta Lingga (means city of phallus, site of Candi Laras?/Negara Dipa Kingdom)

2. Kutalingga the area around the Sarawak peninsula1

3. Lingga, where the Lingga and Batang Lumpur rivers meet, Sarawak.2

Kutawaringin Kuta Waringin (means banyan city, pre-Kotawaringin Kingdom society, now West Kotawaringin Regency)
Sambas Sambas (Old Sambas Kingdom, now Sambas Regency)
Lawai 1. Lawai (Kapuas River in West Kalimantan)

2. Muara Labai, muara in the river of Labai2

3. Muara Labai in Central Kalimantan3

Kadhangdhangan 1. Kadandangan (now Kendawangan sub-district, Ketapang)

2. Kedangdangan1

3. Kadangdangan3

Landa Landak Kingdom, now Landak District
Samedhang 1. Samadang (Semandang, the area of Tanjungpura Kingdom)

2. Samedang in Simpang3

Tirem 1. Tirem (Tirun/Tidung Kingdom, now Tarakan city?)

2. Tirem1

3. Paniraman on the Kapuas Kecil river2

4. Tidung2

Sedu 1. Sedu (in Sarawak)

2. Sadong in Sarawak or Sedua in Langgau or Siduh in Matan12

Buruneng Barune (now the country of Brunei)
Kalka 1. Sungai Kaluka or Krian in the south of Sarawak[7]

2. Kalka, one of the 5 provinces outside Brunei according to the Salsilah Raja Brunei: Kalakah, Seribas, Sadong, Semerahan and Sarawak12

3. Kalakah, the city of Calaca was a major trading port south of the capital (Brunei) and the center of the country of Sedang2

Saludhung 1. Saludung1

2. Teluk Maludu2

3. Sadong2

4. Maludu3

Solot 1. Solok or Sulu123
Pasir Pasir (pre-Sultanate of Pasir, now Paser Regency)
Baritw 1. Barito (now North Barito Regency)

2. Baritu123

Sawaku 1. Sawaku (or Sawakung in Berau or Pulau Sebuku sub-district, Kotabaru)

2. Sebuku Island12

Tabalung 1. Tabalung (now Tabalong Regency with its city Tanjungpuri on the banks of the Tabalong river, the first capital of the Banjar sultanate in the Hindu era)

2. Tabalong in Amuntai2

Tunjung Kute 1. Tanjung Kutei (Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate whose capital city is Kutai Lama)

2. Kutai2

Malano 1. Malano ("in Nusa Tanjungpura", the Melanau people of Sarawak and West Kalimantan)

2. Milanau2

3. Balinean, east of the mouth of the Rejang river in Sarawak or Malanau in northwest Kalimantan2

4. Milano east of the Rejang river in Sarawak, Balineo3

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [8]
3 See [9]

Malayan peninsula

In Nagarakretagama it is called "Hujung Medini", which refers to the Malay Peninsula (according to M. Yamin) or Johor (according to Pigeaud).[10]

Name Interpretation
Pahang 1. Pahang, state of Pahang, Malaysia

2. Malaya2

Hujung Medini 1. Johor2

2. Malay Peninsula3

Lengkasuka 1. Langkasuka

2. On the Lengkawi islands across from Kedah2

3. Langkasuka-Patani2

Saimwang 1. Semang people's country2

2. Semong in Negeri Sembilan2

3. Sai, Saiburi2

Kalanten Kelantan
Tringgano Terengganu
Nasor 1. Nisor north of Sai, Patani2

2. Nasor3

Paka Paka, now a town in Dungun, Terengganu
Muar 1. Muar, now the district in Johor

2. Muar, Peken Muar2

Dhungun 1. Dungun, now a district and a major town in Terengganu

2. Tanjung Utara in Kemaman

Tumasik Tumasik, now the country of Singapura
Sanghyang Hujung 1. Ujung Salang (junkceylon) in Phuket2

2. Sening Ujung, between Malacca and Selangor2

Kelang Klang, (Selangor)
Kedha 1. Kedah

2. Kataha1

3. Keda3

Jere 1. Jerai

2. Jerai, Kedah mountains2

3. Jering near Patani2

4. Jere3

Kanjap 1. Kanjab in the Riau-Lingga islands2

2. Kanjap3

Niran Karimun, Karimun Besar Island/Nuwi

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [11]
3 See [12]

Regions in the east of Java

Name Interpretation
Bali Bali
Badahulu Bedahulu Kingdom
Lwagajah 1. Lo Gajah

2. Lwa-gajah in Bangli2

Gurun Nusa Penida3
Sukun Sukun on the island of Nusa Penida
Taliwang Taliwang (in Sumbawa Island)123
Dompo 1. Dompo (Dompu Kingdom)

2. Dompo in Sumbawa1

Sapi 1. Sapi Island

2. Sapi in Sumbawa2

Sanghyang Api 1. Sang Hyang Api (Pulau Sangeang)

2. Gunung Api or Sangeang12

Bhima Bima Island12
Sheran Seram Island12
Hutan Kadali Hutan Kendali (Buru Island)12
Gurun 1. Gurun Island

2. Gorong Islands12

3. Eucalyptus forest: Buru and Sula Islands2

Lombok Mirah 1. Lombok Merah

2. Lombok Barat2

3. Lombok3

Saksak 1. Sasak (said to be "completely ruled")

2. Saksak, East Lombok1

3. Lombok Valley2

Bantayan 1. Bantayan (Bantaeng ?)

2. Bantayan13

3. Bontain2

Luwuk Luwu (Luwu Kingdom)
Uda Makatraya 1. Udamakatraya and other islands

2. Uda: Talaud Islands, Uda makatraya: the three main islands of the Talaud archipelago2

3. Davao in Mindanao, Filipina3

Makhasar Makassar
Butun Buton
Banggawi Banggawi Island (Banggai Islands)
Kunir 1. Kunir Island1

2. Kunyit Island, south of Laut Island

Galiyau 1. Galian

2. Galiyao3

3. Kangean or Lomblem23

Salaya 1. Salayar (Selayar Island)

2. Saleier1

Sumba Sumba Island
Solot 1. Solor Island

2. Solot1

Muar 1. Muar12

2. Muar, Kei Islands; or Honimoa, Saparua2

Wandan 1. Banda Islands

2. Wandan1

Ambwan Ambon or Maluku Island
Maloko Ternate city or Maluku islands
Wwanin 1. Wanin, Onin Peninsula part of Bomberai Peninsula, in Fakfak

2. Kwanin1

3. Onin, West Papua, MacCleur bay (now Berau bay)2

Seran 1. Kowiai or Sran in Kaimana2

2. Marege in northern Australia3

Timur Timor and several other islands

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See [13]
3 See [14]

Overseas region

Foreign or overseas territories are mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 15 stanza 1. In addition, in canto 83 stanza 4 and 93 stanza 1 are mentioned the places that became the origin of merchants and scholars.[15]

Name Interpretation Relation
Syangka Siam1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Ayodyapura Ayutthaya1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Dharmmanagari Dharmarajanagara: Ligor, Lakkan1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Marutma 1. Martaban1

2. Mergui1

 Kachaya (protectorate)
Rajapura1 Rajpuri in the south of Siam1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Singhanagari1 Singhapuri on the branch of the river Menam, Singhapura, that was mentioned in the Cham inscription1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Campa Champa1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Kamboja Cambodia1 Kachaya (protectorate)
Yawana 1. Annam1

2. Arab2

 Mitreka satata (permanent ally/equal friend)
Jambudwipa India Sumiwi (subserve)
Cina China Sumiwi (subserve)
Karnataka South India Sumiwi (subserve)
Goda Gauḍa or Gaur3, in East India1 Sumiwi (subserve)

Notes:
1 See [16]
2 See [17]
3 See [18]

According to Irawan Djoko Nugroho, the area in the table above from Syangka to Cambodia is called Desantara. Its etymological meaning is "all directions, all space, other regions, other countries". The relationship between Majapahit and Desantara is called kachaya, which means "to be exposed to light". It is interpreted as protected or sheltered. The term "protected area" in the modern state system is referred to as a protectorate.[19][20]

What is different is Yawana, as mentioned anyat i yawana mitreka satata (different is Yawana who is a permanent ally).[21][22] Kern and Pigeaud consider Yawana to be Annam, but they noted that Yawana is the Sanskrit term for Greek (Ionian), which the Indians used to refer to barbarians. Kern notes that the Indians referred to Muslims as Yawana. According to Pigeaud, it is somewhat improbable that Yawana refers to the Muslim. He considered Yawana to be Annam, because at that time the kings of Annam were very powerful and it was very strange to ask Java for protection.[15] Nugroho rejected this opinion, because Nagarakretagama was created in 1365, and Champa's power surpassed Annam (which at that time referred to Dai Viet). Majapahit who defeated the Mongols could not have a weak permanent ally. In addition, Annam in Old Javanese language has its own name, namely Koci (now called Cochinchina to distinguish it from Kochi in India). Koci comes from the Chinese Jiāozhǐ, in Cantonese Kawci, and is called Giao Chỉ in Vietnamese. Therefore, Yawana is more accurately interpreted as Arabs.[23][24][25]

According to Nugroho, the regions of Jambudwipa, China, Karnataka, and Goda are collectively called Dwipantara. This area is said to have received the favor of the king, so it is natural for them to pay tribute. The kindness done by Majapahit to Dwipantara has a background from Java's war with the Mongols. The Mongols tried to control Asian sea trade, and Java (Singhasari at that time) responded with a blockade of Southeast Asian trade against the Mongols. The Dwipantara area came to face Majapahit led by their priests. In canto 93.1 the priests compose a hymn of praise to the Maharaja of Majapahit. The relationship between Dwipantara to Majapahit is sumiwi (serving).[26] Ambassadors from India and China came with merchants and played a role in stabilizing political and economic relations.[27]

According to other accounts

References

Bibliography

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