Timeline of culinary technologies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Earliest attested dates, inventors, or locations, for culinary technologies.
- 3,000,000 BP - Stone tools, through the Millstone, Metate & Mano, and Quern-stone.[6][7]
- 780,000 BP - Cooking - see: Control of fire by early humans.[8]
- 18,300 BP - Pottery - Xianrendong and Yuchanyan caves, China.[9][10][11]
- 6600 BC - Clay Oven - Çatalhöyük, Turkey.[8]
- 6600-6000 BC - Spoon, Turkey.[12]
- 6500–5500 BC - Butter churn - Beersheba culture, Negev, Israel.[13]
- 6400-5900 BC - Non-Stick Husking Tray - Mesopotamia.[14][15][16]
- 6000 BC - Copper knife - Old Copper complex, North America.[17]
- 5000-4000 BC - Food steamer (yan) - Banpo culture, China.[18]
- 3500-3300 BC - Beaten and riveted copper alloy Cauldrons - Maykop culture, Caucasus.[19][20]
- 2600 BC - Barrel - Egypt.[21]
- 2500 BC - Wine cork - Egypt.[22]
- 1900-1500 BC - Ding (cast bronze cauldron) - Erlitou culture, China.[23]
- 1766–1122 BC - Chopsticks - Shang dynasty, China.[24]
- 1766-1122 BC - Fork- Shang dynasty, China[25] or Mycenaean Greece.[26]
- 1700 BC - Cookbook - Akkadian tablets.[27][11]
- 1500 BC - Glass bottle - Mesopotamia.[28]
- 1000 BC - Ash glazeware - Shang dynasty, China.[29]
- 750 BC - Cast iron cookware - China.[30]
- 700 BC - Grater - Greece.[31]
- 5th-4th century BC - Bain-marie - Greece.[32]
- 4th-3rd century BC - Flour producing Watermills - Turkey / Iran.[33]
- 210 BC - Kitchen stove - Qin dynasty, China.[34]
- c.206 BC - Tea strainer - Han dynasty, China.[35]
- 70 AD - Gridiron (craticula) - Pompeii, Italy.[36]
- 5th century - Fireplace fireback - China.[37]
- 7th-9th century - Panemone windmill - Iran.[38]
- 12th century - Waffle Iron - France.[39][40]
- 13 Jun 1475 - First Printed Cookbook: "De honesta voluptate et valetudine" - Bartolomeo Platina, Italy.[41]
- 15th century - Greensand cast, brass, cookware (Dinanderie[42]) - Meuse Valley, Low Countries.[43][44]
- 1679 - Pressure cooker - Denis Papin, UK.[45][5]
- 1681 - Corkscrew - UK.[46]
- 18th century - Larkspit / Bar-Grate Toaster / Wire toasting frame - UK.[47]
- 1707 - Green sand, thin walled, Cast iron Cookware - patented Abraham Darby I, UK.[48]
- 1764 - Vitreous enamel-coated cast iron pots - Königsbronn, Germany.[49][50][51]
- 1772 - Canned food - Dutch Navy, Netherlands.[52]
- 1782-89 - Coffee filter (blotting paper in a metal cone) - Johann Georg Krünitz, Germany.[53]
- 1786 - Threshing machine - Andrew Meikle, UK.[5]
- 1795 - Drip coffee - François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles, France.[54]
- 1795-1805 - Cast Iron Kitchen stove (Rumford roaster) - Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, UK.[5]
- 1799 - Coffee grinder - Richard Dearmann, UK.[55][56]
- 1813 - Early coffee percolator maker - Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, UK.[57][54]
- 1819 - Coffee percolator - Joseph-Henry-Marie Laurens, France.[58]
- 1826 - Gas Stove - patented James Sharp, UK.[59]
- 1830s - Wire Whisk - France.[60]
- 1833 - Coal fueled Kitchen stove - Jordan Mott, USA.[61]
- 1834 - Icemaker - Jacob Perkins, UK.[62]
- 1842 - Pepper mill - Peugeot, France.[63]
- 1845 - High pressure water Taps - Edward Chrimes, UK.[64]
- 1847 - Parchment paper - Jean-André Poumarède and Louis Figuier, France.[65][66]
- 1850s - Plumbed Kitchen Sink - UK.[67]
- 1850 - Hand cranked Dishwasher - patented Joel Houghton, USA.[68]
- 1855 - Can opener - patented Robert Yeates, UK.[69]
- 1856 - Hand mixer - patented Ralph Collier, USA.[70]
- 1858 - Screw-capped glass Mason Jar - patented John Landis Mason, USA.[71]
- 1859 - Electric Kitchen stove - patented George B. Simpson, USA.[72]
- 1859 - Rotary egg beater - patented J.F. and E.P. Monroe, USA.[73]
- 1861 - Rice polisher - patented Sampson Moore, UK.[74]
- 1884 - Espresso machine - patented Angelo Moriondo, Italy.[75]
- 1885 - Popcorn maker - Charles Cretors, USA.[76]
- 1885 - Electric mixer - patented Rufus Eastman, USA.[70]
- 1885 - Rice huller - Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, Brazil.[74]
- 1887 - Electric water boiler - induction heater, patented Ferranti, UK.[77]
- 1880s - Primus stove - patented Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, Sweden.[78]
- 1890-91 - Electric Kettle - UK / USA.[79]
- 1892 - Vacuum Flask - James Dewar, UK.[80]
- 1893 - Electric Toaster - Crompton & Company, UK.[81]
- 1894 - Aluminium cookware - Wagner Manufacturing Company, USA.[82]
- 1894 - Centrifugal Milk Separator - patented Gustaf de Laval, Sweden.[83]
- 1897 - Electric Oven - patented Thomas Ahearn, Canada.[84]
- 1903 - Tea bag - patented Roberta Lawson and Mary McLaren, USA.[85][5]
- 1906 - Induction Stove - patented Arthur F. Berry, UK.[86]
- 1908 - Paper Coffee filter - patented Melitta Bentz, Germany.[87]
- 1910 - Aluminium foil - Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie, Switzerland.[5]
- 1912 - Egg slicer - patented Willy Abel, Germany.[88]
- 1913-15 - Residential refrigerators (DOMELRE) - Frederick William Wolf Jr., USA.[89]
- 1913-15 - Martensitic stainless steel cutlery and cookware - Harry Brearley, Sheffield, UK.[90]
- 1915 - Jena glass / Pyrex Borosilicate glassware - Otto Schott, Germany.[91]
- 1921 - Popup toaster - patented Charles Perkins Strite, USA.[92]
- 1922 - Blender - patented Stephen Poplawski, USA.[93]
- 1923 - Electric Rice Cooker - Mitsubishi Electric, Japan.[94]
- 1924 - Pie iron sandwich toaster - patented Charles V. Champion, USA.[5]
- 1926 - Kitchen hood (Extractor Hood) - patented Theodore R. N. Gerdes, USA.[5]
- 1927 - Automatic Bread Slicer - patented Otto Frederick Rohwedder, USA.[95]
- 1929 - Electric Dishwasher - Miele, Germany.[96]
- 1937 - Televised cookery show (Cook's Night Out) - Marcel Boulestin, BBC, UK.[97]
- 1938 - Tupperware containers - Earl Tupper, USA.[98]
- 1940s - Vacuum packing - USA.[99]
- 1945 - Convection oven (Fan assisted) - W. L. Maxson, USA.[100]
- 1946 - Food Processor - Starmix, Germany.[5]
- 1947 - Microwave oven - patented by Percy LaBaron Spencer, USA.[101]
- 1949 - Plastic wrap (Saran) - patented Ralph Wiley, Dow Chemicals, USA.[102]
- 1955 - Automatic Kettle - Russell Hobbs, UK.[103]
- 1955 - Automatic Rice Cooker - Toshiba, Japan.[94][5]
- 1956 - Non-Stick TEFlon pans - Tefal / Marc Grégoire, France or Fissler, Germany.[104][5][105]
- 1958-1962 - Stay-On and Ring-Pull aluminium Drink can - patented Anthony Bajada, and Ermal C. Fraze, USA.[106]
- 1963 - Domestic Vaccum sealer - Karl Busch, Germany.[107]
- 1965 - Silicone baking mat - Guy Demarle, France.[108]
- 1963-69 - Tetra Brik Aseptic, plastic coated paper liquids carton - Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing, Sweden.[109]
- 1973 - PET (plastic) drinks bottle - patented Nathaniel Wyeth, DuPont, USA.[110][111]
- 2007 - Non-Stick Silicone dioxide coated cookware - Greenpan Thermolon™ - The Cookware Company, Belgium.[105]
- 2008 - Non-Stick Silicone coated cookware - AkzoNobel + Tramontina, Netherlands / Brazil.[112]
- 2010 - Air fryer - Fred Van der Weij's, Netherlands.[113]
See also
References
- ↑ Martin, Bryan (2024-11-07). "From Fire to Function: The Evolution of Cooking Technology and Its Benefits in the Modern Kitchen". International Culinary Studio. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
- ↑ Zoran, Amit Raphael (2025-03-01). "Digital gastronomy 2.0: A 15-year transformative journey in culinary-tech evolution and interaction". International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science. 39 101135. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2025.101135. ISSN 1878-450X.
- ↑ "Culinary inventions timeline". www.alimentarium.org. Archived from the original on 2025-08-22. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
- ↑ "Evolution of Cooking Technologies | Anthropology of Food Class Notes". Fiveable. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "History of the Global Food Industry - Morgan & Westfield". 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "Early Stone Age Tools". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ de la Torre, Ignacio (2011-04-12). "The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 366 (1567): 1028–1037. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0350. ISSN 1471-2970. PMC 3049100. PMID 21357225.
- 1 2 Taranto, Sergio; Barcons, Adrià Breu; Portillo, Marta; Le Miere, Marie; Gomèz, Anna Bach; Molist, Miquel; Lemorini, Cristina (2024-11-05). "Unveiling the culinary tradition of 'focaccia' in Late Neolithic Mesopotamia by way of the integration of use-wear, phytolith & organic-residue analyses". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 26805. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1426805T. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78019-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11538533. PMID 39500990.
- ↑ "20,000 Year Old Pottery from Two Upper Paleolithic Sites in China". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Cohen, David J.; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Wu, Xiaohong; Patania, Ilaria; Goldberg, Paul (2017). "The emergence of pottery in China: Recent dating of two early pottery cave sites in South China". Quaternary International. 441: 36–48. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.024.
- 1 2 Rise, History (2025-04-15). "How Clay Pots and Earthenware Changed Ancient Cooking". History Rise. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ ERDALKIRAN, Mücella (2015). "Neolithic Bone Spoons from Barcin Höyük". DergiPark: 26–36.
- ↑ The sign associated with pottery churn from Beersheba, now displayed in the Israel Museum says: "The churn, used for making butter from milk, first appeared in the Chalcolithic Period [6,500–5,500 years ago] and became an important symbol of the time. To speed up the churning process, a rope was tied to the handles, and the churn was rocked back and forth." url: https://ferrelljenkins.blog/2013/05/23/churning-to-make-butter/
- ↑ Brahambhatt, Rupendra (2024-12-06). "9,000-year-old non-stick trays was used to make Neolithic focaccia". ZME Science. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Taranto, Sergio; Barcons, Adrià Breu; Portillo, Marta; Le Miere, Marie; Gomèz, Anna Bach; Molist, Miquel; Lemorini, Cristina (2024-11-05). "Unveiling the culinary tradition of 'focaccia' in Late Neolithic Mesopotamia by way of the integration of use-wear, phytolith & organic-residue analyses". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 26805. Bibcode:2024NatSR..1426805T. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78019-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11538533. PMID 39500990.
- ↑ Taranto, Sergio (2020), Otto, Adelheid; Herles, Michael; Kaniuth, Kai (eds.), "The Husking Tray: A Shared Cooking Technology between the Late Neolithic Communities of the Near East?", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 1: Mobility in the Ancient Near East. Images in Context. Archaeology as Cultural Heritage. Engendering Near Eastern Archaeology. Societal Contexts of Religion. Shaping the Living Space (1 ed.), Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 77–90, doi:10.2307/j.ctv10tq3v9.12, ISBN 978-3-447-11366-3, JSTOR j.ctv10tq3v9.12, retrieved 2025-12-28
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ↑ Bowdoin, Susan (2025-03-04). "New Understandings About Michigan's Old Copper Complex". The Archaeological Conservancy. Retrieved 2026-01-13.
- ↑ Chen, Cheng-Yih (2000). Early Chinese work in natural science : a re-examination of the physics of motion, acoustics, astronomy and scientific thoughts. Internet Archive. Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-385-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑ ClassiCult (2023-08-18). "Ancient metal cauldrons give us clues about what people ate in the Bronze Age in the Caucasus region". Classicult. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Wilkin, Shevan; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Ganbold, Ankhsanaa; Batsuuri, Ankhbayar; Ishtseren, Lochin; Nakamura, Daisuke; Eregzen, Gelegdorj; Ventresca-Miller, Alicia; Miller, Bryan K. (2024-06-05). "Cauldrons of Bronze Age nomads reveals 2700 year old yak milk and the deep antiquity of food preparation techniques". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 11625. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60607-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11153608. PMID 38839758.
- ↑ Kilby, K. (1989). The Cooper and His Trade. Linden Publishing Company. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-941936-16-3.
- ↑ "The Origin of the Cork: Unveiling the Mystery Behind the Invention - ElevatingKitchen". 2025-10-22. Retrieved 2026-01-04.
- ↑ Lian, Haiping; Tan, Derui; Zheng, Guang (2013-12-01). "Bronze casting techniques of the Erlitou Culture period". Chinese Archaeology. 13 (1): 192–200. doi:10.1515/char-2013-0023. ISSN 2160-5068.
- ↑ Bramen, Lisa. "The History of Chopsticks". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "Who Invented the Fork: Unraveling the Mystery of Dining's Essential Tool | History Cooperative". 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ National Archaeological Museum of Athens - Circle Grave A - IV - Inventory number 515: Bronze three-pronged fork - Wikimedia
- ↑ Carter, Sylvia (1985-05-23). "Chef Breaks Code to Ancient Recipes : Babylonian Collection Now the Oldest Known to Man". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
- ↑ Roetell (2021-08-13). "When Were Glass Bottles Invented". Reliable Glass Bottles, Jars, Containers Manufacturer | Roetell (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 2025-12-19.
- ↑ Craig (2024-03-30). "A Brief History of Chinese Glazes -". Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "The History of Cast Iron Skillets". Back Then History. 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "The History of the Grater". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
- ↑ Coletti, Andrew (2024-04-08). "The Ancient Female Alchemist Whose Name Is in Your Kitchen". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2026-02-04.
- ↑ "The Early History of Water Power: From Medieval Mills to Water Hydroelectric Plants". www.fuergy.com. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Ortiz, Pete (2022-10-27). "Who Invented the Kitchen Stove & When? (History of the Stove)". Home Grail. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ "When Was The Strainer Invented". CitizenSide. 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
- ↑ History, Tastes Of (2020-06-16). "Roman Cooking al Fresco". Tastes Of History. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ "fireback". www.marcmaison.com. Retrieved 2026-01-04.
- ↑ carylsue (2017-01-16). "Iran's Centuries-Old Windmills May Soon Stop Turning". National Geographic Education Blog. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Affair, Waffle (2025-03-27). "Origin of Waffles - The Waffle Affair". Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ "Waffle Iron Patented – Smithsonian Libraries and Archives / Unbound". Retrieved 2025-12-28.
- ↑ Dondi, Cristina; Harris, Neil (2013). "Oil and Green Ginger. The Zornale of the Venetian Bookseller Francesco de Madiis, 1484–1488". Documenting the Early Modern Book World. pp. 341–406. doi:10.1163/9789004258907_015. ISBN 978-90-04-25890-7.
- ↑ Simon (2024-11-07). "Dinanderie: A Heritage of Brassware Craftsmanship". Encyclopedia of Design. Retrieved 2026-01-29.
- ↑ "Manufacturing Processes – Netherlandish Candlesticks". netherlandishcandlesticks.com. Retrieved 2026-01-02.
- ↑ Saussus, Lise; Goemaere, Eric; Thomas, Nicolas; Leduc, Thierry; Goovaerts, Thomas; Fourny, Michel (2022). "Practices, recipes and supply of a late medieval brass foundry: The refractory ceramics and the metals of an early 15th century AD metallurgical workshop in Brussels". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 42 103358. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103358.
- ↑ Bannarasee, Rachel (2024-04-13). "Who invented the pressure cooker?". Chef's Resource. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
- ↑ Coletti, Andrew (2025-12-31). "The corkscrew began as a tool for muskets, not merlot". Popular Science. Retrieved 2026-01-03.
- ↑ "BBC - A History of the World - Object : Lark spit". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "BBC - A History of the World - Object : Cast Iron Cooking Pot". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ "When Was Enamel Cookware Invented? - Complete Guide - Kitchendemy". 2025-09-03. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
- ↑ "Enamelware, vintage porcelain or enamel kitchenware, graniteware, agateware, speckleware, timeline". www.oldandinteresting.com. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
- ↑ "Enamelware, vintage porcelain or enamel kitchenware, graniteware, agateware, speckleware, timeline". www.oldandinteresting.com. Retrieved 2026-01-18.
- ↑ Robertson, Gordon L. (2016-04-19). Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Third Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-6242-1.
- ↑ Krünitz, Johann Georg (1784). "Kaffe" [Coffee]. In von Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich (ed.). Oekonomische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Stats- Stadt- Haus- u. Landwirthschaft, in alphabetischer Ordnung [Economic encyclopedia] (in German). Berlin: Joachim Pauli [de]. pp. 100–264 [172]. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2026-01-02. pp. 172–173:
Die neuerlich eingeführte Weise, den Kaffetrank durch das Filtriren zu verfertigen, ist wohl unstreitig die beste. Man legt nähmlich in einen dazu gemachten blechernen, wohl verzinnten, Filtrirhut oder Trichter, (Kaffe-Sieb) ein reines, feines Leinwand-Tüchlein oder Haartuch, oder, weil dieses durch den öfteren Gebrauch leicht unrein gemacht werden könnte, lieber weißes Lösch- und Druck-Papier, und nimmt jedes Mahl neues; in dieses schüttet man den gemahlenen Kaffe, setzt den Trichter über einen erwärmten Topf oder Kanne, und gießt allmählich siedendes Wasser darauf. Auf solche Art zieht das Wasser aus dem Kaffe die Kräfte, und filtrirt ganz klar durch das Tuch oder Papier. Das Wasser aber muß langsam aufgegossen werden; man könnte auch, um die Kraft destobesser auszuziehen, diesen durchgeseiheten Trank nochmahl in den Trichter zurück gießen, und durch den gemahlenen Kaffee zum zweiten Mahl laufen lassen. Ein solcher filtrirter Kaffe ist nicht nur gesunder, als der abgekochte, sondern hat auch noch andere Vorzüge. Man kann solchen nicht nur nach Belieben wieder erwärmen und aufkochen, und er bleibt immer klar, sondern der Geschmack ist auch besser, welches leicht daraus abzunehmen ist, weil der in dem Trichter zurück gebliebene Kaffe nicht, wie der andere, der im Topfe sich zu Boden setzt, nochmahl auf- und ausgekochet werden kann, und, wenn solches ja geschähe, man ein Getränk erhält, welches gar nicht nach Kaffee schmeckt, sondern einen recht wiederlichen Geschmack hat.
- 1 2 "7 Ancient Coffee Brewing Methods Still Used Today". Not Not Coffee. 2025-01-27. Retrieved 2026-01-04.
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- ↑ Count, Benjamin (1813). "Extracts from an Essay, No. 18, on the Excellent Qualities of Coffee, and the Art of Making it in the Highest Perfection". The Belfast Monthly Magazine. 10 (59): 477–486. doi:10.2307/30074978. ISSN 1758-1605.
- ↑ Cho, Nick (2024-10-02). "Coffee Percolator Invention: Date, Inventors, Impact". Retrieved 2025-12-28.
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- ↑ US723287A, Lawson, Roberta C. & Mclaren, Mary, "Tea-leaf holder", issued 1903-03-24
- ↑ GB190612333A, Berry, Arthur Francis, "Improvements in or relating to Apparatus for the Electrical Production of Heat for Cooking and other purposes", issued 1907-05-25
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- ↑ White, Amie Elizabeth (2024-09-24). "The Legacy: Harry Brearley and stainless steel". Country Life. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
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- 1 2 "Milestone-Proposal:Rice Cookers". IEEE Milestones Wiki. 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
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- ↑ "The Pioneer of Culinary Television: Who Was the First Chef Ever on TV? - KitchenJournal". 2025-06-18. Retrieved 2026-01-03.
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- ↑ "Everything You Need to Know about Convection Ovens & Air Fryers". Air & Water. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
- ↑ "Cook Today . . . Tomorrow's Way". Retrieved 2025-12-21.
- ↑ Brinewell (PDF). Dow. 1993.
- ↑ "Electric kettle by Russell Hobbs | Science Museum Group Collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
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- 1 2 Hezel, Anna (2021-06-24). "The New Rules of Nonstick". TASTE. Retrieved 2026-03-07.
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- ↑ "The History of Silpat Baking Mats". Back Then History. 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2026-01-04.
- ↑ "The History of Juice Boxes". Back Then History. 2024-12-03. Retrieved 2026-04-11.
- ↑ "The story of PET Bottles". www.ammeraalbeltech.com. Retrieved 2026-04-11.
- ↑ Staff, P. N. (2015-12-22). "History of the world in 52 packs | 18. PET bottles". Packaging News. Retrieved 2026-04-11.
- ↑ "Akzo offers Silicone To Replace PTFE". Chemical & Engineering News. 2025-01-21. Retrieved 2026-02-15.
- ↑ "Who Invented the Air Fryer? Full Story of the Magic Appliance | History Cooperative". 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2026-01-01.