Timeline of the British Army

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This timeline covers the main wars, battles and engagements and related issues for the Scottish, English and British Army, from 1537 to the present.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] See also Timeline of British diplomatic history.

1537 – The Overseers of the Fraternity or Guild of St George received a royal charter from Henry VIII on 25 August, when letters patent were received authorising them to establish a perpetual corporation for the defence of the realm to be known as the Fraternity or Guild of Artillery of Longbows, Crossbows and Handgonnes. This body was known by a variety of names since, but today is called the Honourable Artillery Company, and is the oldest regiment in continuous service in the British Army.
1539 – The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineer Regiment is first mustered before becoming a militia force for the county of Monmouth. When the new Police was formed in the 19th century, the regiment switched to the Royal Engineers Reserve, becoming the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers Militia the senior regiment of the Reserve Army.
1572 – The Buffs were formed from London's urban militia to support the Protestants in Holland, where they remained until the outbreak of the Anglo-Dutch war in 1665 (93 years), at which point they were disbanded for refusing the oath of loyalty to the Dutch States General. Reformed in England as 'The Holland Regiment' in King Charles II British Army and designated 3rd Regiment of Foot. The Regiment became a part of the Queens Regiment in 1966. 1992 Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, with the Buffs cap badge Tudor Dragon origins from Queen Elizebeth I worn in the centre of the PWRR cap badge by all ranks.

1600–1706

1633 – The Royal Regiment of Foot (later the Royal Scots) is placed on the Scottish Establishment, later becoming the oldest infantry regiment in the British Army. And still to this day as The Royal Regiment of Scotland.
1642 – Marquis of Argyll's Royal Regiment was raised by Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll for service in Ireland, renamed in 1650 Lyfe Guard of Foot and reformed as the Scottish Regiment of Foot Guards in 1661 (later the Scots Guards).
1650 – George Monck's Regiment is formed (later the Coldstream Guards), becoming the oldest infantry regiment, not of the line, in the British Army but not under the monarch.
1656 – Lord Wentworth's Regiment is formed (later the Grenadier Guards), later becoming the most senior infantry regiment in the British Army because of the long serving loyalty to the monarch during the English Civil War.
26 January 1661 – King Charles II issues warrant, becoming the acknowledged beginning of the British Army. This concerned an assemblage of English regiments and Scottish regiments brought south with Charles II. The British Army would not formally exist, however, for another 46 years, as Scotland and England remained two independent states, each with its own Army.
1 October 1661 – The Tangier Regiment of Foot is formed spending 18 years in Tangier, first Battle Honour. After N Africa in England re named The Queens Regiment, today the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (PWRR) Englands senior Regiment. The Paschal Lamb, one of the first cap badges is worn by all ranks of PWRR on their buttons.
1684 – The English withdraw from the Colony of Tangier.
1688 – The War of the Grand Alliance begins.
1702 – War of the Spanish Succession begins.

1707–1800

1707 – Kingdom of Great Britain is formed. Scottish and English armies merged to create the British Army.
1722 – Royal Regiment of Artillery is formed.
1742 – War of the Austrian Succession begins.^[7]
1743 – Battle of Dettingen, King George II becomes the last British monarch to lead his troops into battle.
1746 – Battle of Culloden, The British Army, made from Scottish, English and Irish soldiers and led by the Duke of Cumberland, fights the last major battle on British mainland soil against French supported Scottish rebel Jacobites.
1751 – A numerical system is introduced into the Army, such as 1st Regiment of Foot, 2nd Regiment of Foot, etc.
1755 – Seven Years' War begins.
1759 – Battle of Minden, the Duke of Brunswick leads an Anglo-German army against the French.
1759 – British forces, led by General James Wolfe, take French Quebec.^[8]
1775 – American War of Independence begins.^[9]
- 17 June – Battle of Bunker Hill^[10]
1776 – British victory at the Battle of Long Island.^[11]
1777 – British victory at the Battle of Brandywine.^[12]
1777 – British defeat at the Battle of Saratoga.^[13]
1781 – British defeat at the siege of Yorktown.^[14]
1793 – War on revolutionary France declared
1795 – Capture of Ceylon.
1796 – slave forces in Haiti led by Toussaint L'ouverture British Forces defeated
1798 – Large-scale rebellion in Ireland.
1799 – Capture of Seringapatam.

1801-1898

1801 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is formed.
- French Revolutionary Wars (A campaign to expel a French invasion force in Egypt) takes place.
1803 – The Napoleonic Wars begin.
1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War begins, ends 1805
- 1 September – Battle of Aligarh
- 11 September – Battle of Delhi
- 23 September – Battle of Assaye
- 1 November – Battle of Laswari
- 28 November – Battle of Argaon
- 15 December – Battle of Gawilghur
1806 – Seizure of the Cape of Good Hope.
- – An abortive (initially unauthorised) invasion of Spanish South America begins.
1808 – The Peninsular War begins.
- 16 January – Battle of Corunna
1810
- 24 July – Battle of the Côa
- 25 July – Siege of Almeida (1810)
- 27 September – Battle of Bussaco
1811
- 19 February – Battle of the Gebora
- 3 April – Battle of Sabugal
- 14 April – Siege of Almeida (1811)
- 3 May – Battle of Fuentes de Onoro
- 16 May – Battle of Albuera
- 25 May – Battle of Usagre
- 28 October – Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos
1812 – The War of 1812 against the United States begins.
- 7 January – Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
- 16 March – Battle of Badajoz (1812)
- 11 April – Battle of Villagarcia
- 11 June – Battle of Maguilla
- 22 July – Battle of Salamanca
- 23 July – Battle of Garcia Hernandez
- 11 August – Battle of Majadahonda
- 19 September – Siege of Burgos
- 23 October – Battle of Venta del Pozo
1813
- 21 June – Battle of Vitoria
- 7 July – Siege of San Sebastián
- 25 July – Battle of the Pyrenees
- 25 July – Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)
- 25 July – Battle of Maya
- 28 July – Battle of Sorauren
- 7 October – Battle of the Bidassoa (1813)
- 19 November – Battle of Nivelle
- 9 December – Battle of the Nive
1814 – The Gurkha War begins.
- 15 February – Battle of Garris
- 27 February – Battle of Orthez
- 10 April – Battle of Toulouse (1814)
- 14 April – Battle of Bayonne
1815
- 8 January – Battle of New Orleans
- 16 June – Battle of Quatre Bras
- 18 June – The Battle of Waterloo takes place, ending in defeat for the French.
1819
- 16 August – The Peterloo Massacre takes place.
1839 – First Anglo-Afghan War begins ends 1842
- 23 July – Battle of Ghazni
- September – Siege of Kahun
1842
- 6 January – Battle of Gandamak
- 15 January – Massacre of Elphinstone's Army
- August – Battle of Kabul (1842)
1854 – The Crimean War begins; ends in 1856.
- 19 September – The siege of Sevastopol begins.
- 20 September – The Battle of Alma takes place.
- 25 October – The Battle of Balaklava takes place; Charge of the Light Brigade.
- 5 November – The Battle of Inkerman takes place.
1855
- 8 September – The siege of Sevastopol ends.
1857 – The Indian Mutiny begins.
- 30 May – Indian rebels begin the siege of Delhi, siege of Lucknow
- 5 June – Siege of Cawnpore begins
- 8 June – Battle of Badli-ki-Serai, siege of Delhi
- 30 June – Siege of Lucknow begins, Battle of Chinhat
- 25 August – Battle of Najafgarh
- 11 October – Battle of Agra
- 19 November – Second Battle of Cawnpore
1858
- Central India Campaign (1858)
- 1 March – Capture of Lucknow
1859 – Due to fear of invasion by France, a volunteer movement begins, known as the Volunteer Rifle Corps.
1870 – The Army withdraws from Australia and New Zealand.
1871 – The Army adopts the Martini-Henry rifle, replacing the Snider.
- – Abolition of the purchase of commission.
1878 – Second Anglo-Afghan War begins, ends 1880
- 21 November – Battle of Ali Masjid
- 15 December – Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment
1879 – The Anglo-Zulu War takes place.
- 22 January – British force defeated at Battle of Isandlwana.
  - – The defence of Rorke's Drift begins; eleven Victoria Crosses would be gained in the process.
1880
- 19 April – Battle of Ahmed Khel
- 27 July – Battle of Maiwand
- 1 September – Battle of Kandahar
- 20 December – First Boer War begins ends 23 March 1888
- 20 December – Action at Bronkhorstspruit takes place
1881 – Mahdist War begins, ends 1889
- 28 January – Battle of Laing's Nek
- 1 July – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the Army's organisation, came into effect.
1884
- 13 March – Battle of Tamai
- 22 March – Battle of Tofrek
1885
- January – Battle of Abu Klea
- 28 January – General Charles George Gordon is killed by Mahommed Ahmed (the self-proclaimed Mahdi) after his siege of Khartoum; British relief force arrives two-days later.
- 8 February – Battle of Schuinshoogte
- 10 February – Battle of Kirbekan
- 27 February – Battle of Majuba Hill
- 30 December – Battle of Ginnis
1889 – The Maxim machine gun is introduced.
- 3 August – Battle of Toski
1896
- 7 June – Battle of Ferkeh
1898
- 8 April – Battle of Atbara
- 2 September – Battle of Omdurman
- 24 November – Battle of Umm Diwaykarat

1899–1918

Second Boer War

1899
- 11 October – War is declared.
- 20 October – The first major battle of the war takes place at Talana Hill.
- December – "Black Week", in which the Army suffered a series of defeats, takes place.
1900
- 28 February – The siege of Ladysmith is lifted.
- 1 April – The Irish Guards is formed in honour of the Irish regiments in the Boer War.
- 17 May – The siege of Mafeking comes to an end.
1902
- 31 May – War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging.
1905 – The 5th Battalion, The Royal Garrison Regiment is the last British battalion to leave Canada.
1908 – The Territorial Force (later Army) is formed.
1911
- 1 April – Following an order issued on 28 February, the Air Battalion Royal Engineers is formed.
1912 – The Vickers machine gun is introduced into the Army; it remains in service until 1968.
- 13 May – The Air Battalion Royal Engineers becomes the Royal Flying Corps. It remains part of the Army.

First World War

1914
- 4 August – Britain declares war on Germany.
- August – British Expeditionary Force begins to deploy to France.^[15]
- 19 October – The First Battle of Ypres begins in Belgium.^[16]
1915
- 26 February – The Welsh Guards becomes the last Foot Guards regiment to be formed.
- 25 April – Landings at Helles, Gallipoli.
- 10 August – Landings at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli.
- 22 October – The Machine Gun Corps is formed.
1916
- April – The Easter Rising in Dublin takes place .
- 1 July – The First Day of the Somme begins; about 60,000 casualties are incurred, 20,000 of whom had been killed.
1917
- 28 July – The Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps is split off to form the Tank Corps (later the Royal Tank Regiment).^[17]
- 8 November – About 200 men of the Warwickshire Yeomanry and Worcestershire Yeomanry charge with sabres drawn and defeat an Ottoman battery and a large group of Ottoman infantry at Huj. It was one of the last cavalry charges by the British Army.
- 20 November – The Battle of Cambrai begins; sees the first large-scale use of tanks.^[18]
- December – The Capture of Jerusalem takes place.^[19]
1918
- 11 November – The First World War ends with the signing of the Armistice.

1918–1945

Interwar Period

January 1919 – Anglo-Irish War begins; British forces combat guerilla operations by the Irish Republican Army.
1919 – British Army takes part in Allied intervention during Russian Civil War.
28 June 1920 – Winston Churchill as the Secretary of State for War signed the royal warrant which gave the sovereigns approval for the formation of a 'Corps of Signals'. Six weeks later in August, King George V conferred the title 'Royal Corps of Signals'.^[20]
31 July 1922 – Six Irish regiments (5 infantry and one cavalry) are disbanded due to the establishment of the Irish Free State.
1929 – The British Army of the Rhine in Germany is withdrawn.
1935 – Abyssinian Crisis takes place; Army deploys substantial reinforcements to Africa and the Middle East.
1936 – uprising in Palestine begins.
4 April 1939 – The Royal Armoured Corps is formed.

Second World War

3 September 1939 – Britain enters the Second World War when it declares war, along with its Allies, on Nazi Germany.
September 1939 – British Expeditionary Force begins to land in France.
17 May 1940 – The Local Defence Volunteers (later the Home Guard) is formed.
20 May 1940– In France, British armoured units counter-attack at Arras.
26 May 1940 – The Dunkirk evacuation begins; over 330,000 British and French soldiers are evacuated by 4 June.
22 June 1940 – The Parachute Corps (later The Parachute Regiment) is formed.
April 1941 – Germany invades Crete; Army and Commonwealth forces eventually evacuated by the Royal Navy.
25 December 1941 – The garrison at Hong Kong surrenders to the Japanese.
15 February 1942 – Singapore garrison surrenders to Japanese forces.
23 October 1942 – Second Battle of El Alamein takes place; Montgomery's British Eighth Army defeats the Afrika Korps in offensive.
10 July 1943 – The Allied invasion of Sicily begins.
3 September 1943 – Invasion of Italian mainland begins.
March 1944 – The Japanese launch their offensive against India; battles of Imphal and Kohima takes place.
1 April 1944 – The Special Air Service Regiment is formed to administer existing SAS units.
6 June 1944 – in airborne operations prior to D-Day landings, Pegasus and Horsa Bridges are taken by D Company, 2nd Ox & Bucks, and the Merville gun battery is destroyed by the 9th Parachute Battalion.
6 June 1944 – The D-Day landings take place; British Army lands at Gold and Sword; some British units allocated to Canadian beach at Juno.
18 July 1944 – Allied armoured offensive, Operation Goodwood, begins.
September 1944 – Operation Market Garden takes place.
24 March 1945 – Airborne crossing of the Rhine, Operation Varsity, takes place.
8 May 1945 – VE Day.
2 September 1945 – Formal surrender of Japan.

1945–1990

1 January 1948 – Four Gurkha regiments are transferred from the Indian Army to the British Army, forming the Brigade of Gurkhas.
28 February 1948 – The 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry becomes the last British regiment to leave India.
1948 – The Malayan Emergency begins.
1948 – The Army withdraws from Palestine.
1 January 1949 – National Service, the new name for conscription, is introduced.
1 February 1949 – The Women's Royal Army Corps is formed.
1950 – The Korean War begins.
- 22 April 1951 – The Battle of the Imjin River takes place.
1952 – The Mau Mau uprising in Kenya begins.
1953 – The Army withdraws its garrison from Bermuda.
1954 – The last troops leave Trieste, having been there since 1945 as part of British Forces Element Trieste.
1955 – Occupying troops leave upon Austrian independence.
June 1956 – Last British troops leave the Suez Canal Zone, Egypt.
31 October 1956 – Operation Musketeer, the invasion of Suez begins.
- 5 November – 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment dropped at El Gamil airfield.
- 6 November – Amphibious landings take place; Army Centurion tanks land in support.
1 September 1957 – The Glider Pilot Regiment was merged with the Air Observation Post Squadrons to form the Army Air Corps.^[21]
1957 – The Sandys Review of the armed forces takes place.
16 July 1958 – Independent Parachute Brigade Group (less 3 Para), air-landed in Amman, Jordan from Cyprus.
1961 – Army deploys troops to Kuwait after its request for British to deter invasion by Iraq.
1962 – The Brunei uprising takes place.
1963 – Last National Serviceman is discharged from the Army.
1967 – Withdrawal from Aden after a period of time known as the Aden Emergency.
1968 – The only year in the century when the British Army lost no soldiers in action.
August 1969 – British troops deployed to Northern Ireland to assist in stopping sectarian violence. It is the beginning of "The Troubles".
5 May 1980 – Special Air Service ends the Iranian Embassy siege.
2 April 1982 – Falklands War begins.
- 28 May – 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment (2 Para) defeat Argentinians at Goose Green.
- 8 June – Bombing of RFA's Sir Galahad, Sir Tristram kills 48, including 32 Welsh Guards.
- 12 June – 3 Para defeats the Argentinians at Mount Longdon.
- 14 June – 2 Para takes Wireless Ridge.
- 14 June – 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards defeat Argentinians at Mount Tumbledown.
- 14 June – Falkland Islands are liberated upon the surrender of Argentinian forces.

1990–present

Notes

↑ See John William Fortescue, History of the British Army (13 vol, 1899-1930), which tells the story to 1870.
↑ David G. Chandler and Ian Frederick William Beckett, eds. The Oxford illustrated history of the British army (Oxford UP, 1994)
↑ David G. Chandler, The Oxford history of the British army. (Oxford UP, 2003).
↑ Eric William Sheppard, A short history of the British army. (Constable, 1950).
↑ Robert Money Barnes, A history of the regiments & uniforms of the British Army (London: Seeley Service, 1950).
↑ Peter Young and James Philip Lawford, History of the British Army (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970).
↑ Basil Williams and C.H. Stuart, The Whig Supremacy 1714-1760 (1965) pp 231-70
↑ Oliver Warner, With Wolfe to Quebec: the path to glory (1972).
↑ See Jeremy Black, "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. (Fall 1996), Vol. 74 Issue 299, pp 145-154. online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player
↑ Richard M. Ketchum, Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill (1999).
↑ Barnet Schecter, The battle for New York: The city at the heart of the American Revolution (2003).
↑ Bruce Mowday, September 11, 1777: Washington's Defeat at Brandywine Dooms Philadelphia (White Mane Pub, 2002).
↑ Michael O. Logusz, With Musket and Tomahawk: The Saratoga Campaign and the Wilderness War of 1777 (Casemate Publishers, 2010).
↑ Jerome A. Greene, The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781 (Casemate Publishers, 2009).
↑ Nikolas Gardner, Trial by fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914 (2003).
↑ Ian Beckett, Ypres: The First Battle 1914 (Routledge, 2013).
↑ Basil Henry Liddell Hart, The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914-1945 (1959).
↑ Robert Woollcombe, The First Tank Battle: Cambrai 1917 (Arthur Barker, 1967).
↑ Abigail Jacobson, From Empire to Empire: Jerusalem between Ottoman and British Rule (2011).
↑ "The Corps of Royal Signals celebrates its centenary in Salisbury Cathedral".
↑ "Our Story". Army Air Corps. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Beyond Today - Deadliest Day: How one patrol in Afghanistan still haunts British soldiers ten years on". BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2023.

Second Boer War

First World War

Interwar Period

Second World War

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