Timeline of the Emirate of Asir
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The history of the Emirate of Asir spans the rise and fall of a short-lived political entity on the Tihama coast of the southern Arabian Peninsula. Established by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, the state emerged from a Sufi framework to become a significant regional power during and after the First World War.[1]
- 1906: Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi begins initial state-building activities in Asir, transitioning from a religious leader to a political actor.[1]
- 1907: al-Idrisi secures the allegiance of the tribes in Tihamat Asir.[2]
- 1909: The first major military confrontation occurs between the Idrisi forces and the Ottoman Empire.[3]
- Autumn 1910: Following a brief period of recognition as an Ottoman governor, hostilities resume after disputes over the implementation of Sharia law.[4]
- 1911: A general uprising against Ottoman rule is met by several Ottoman military expeditions.[5]
- 1911–1912: During the Italo-Turkish War, the Idrisi state forms a strategic alliance with Italy, receiving naval support and weaponry.[6]
- 30 April 1915: Muhammad al-Idrisi signs the "Treaty of Friendship and Goodwill" with the British Empire, becoming the first Arab leader to formally join the Allied powers against the Ottomans.[7]
- 1918: The emirate expands its domains, reaching as far as Hodeidah.[8]
Decline and internal strife (1919–1925)
- 1919–1923: The post-war years are defined by intense territorial rivalry with Imam Yahya of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.[9]
- March 1923: Death of the state's founder, Muhammad al-Idrisi, leading to an immediate succession crisis.[10]
- 31 March 1923: Yemeni forces capture the capital and strategic port of Al Hudaydah, effectively ending Idrisi sovereignty over the southern Tihama.[11]
- 1923–1925: A period of internal dynastic struggle erupts between Muhammad's son, Ali bin Muhammad al-Idrisi, and his uncle, Al-Hasan bin Ali al-Idrisi.[12]