Timeline of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre

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The following timeline presents a chronological overview of the key events before, during, and immediately after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar, India, on 13 April 1919, collectively known as the Punjab disturbances.

An early chronology is published in appendix I of the first Hunter Committee report to Edwin Montagu on 8 March 1920.[1]

Date Time Notes
6 February - 21 March Rowlatt Act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council on the recommendation of the Sedition Committee.[2][a]
Saifuddin Kitchlew, a lawyer, and Satyapal, a physician, emerge as key leaders in Amritsar, opposing the Rowlatt Bill and anticipated Turkish peace terms, and join Gandhi's civil disobedience movement through the proposed satyagraha vow.[5]
Following two years of absence from Punjab, Miles Irving is newly appointed Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar.[6][7]
1 March Gandhi publishes a pledge to "refuse civilly to obey these [Rowlatt] laws", and calls for a nationwide complete cessation of economic activity.[8][9]
23 March Gandhi calls for a nationwide hartal on 6 April.[9]
29 March Kitchlew and Satyapal address a crowd with proposals of non-violent passive resistance.[5]
11 a.m.[10] Satyapal is issued with a Punjab Government order under the 1915 Defence of India Act prohibiting him from speaking at public meetings or leaving Amritsar.[5]

30 March - 6 April 1919

According to volume six of the unpublished 1920 British inquiry into the disorders, roughly one-third of all hartals against the Rowlatt Act in India between 30 March and 6 April 1919 took place in Punjab.[11] On 30 March, hartals were carried out in Amritsar and Multan for the whole day, and partially at Fazilka and Panipat.[1] The Arya Samaj party secured hartals in Mukerian and Kot Adu, and hartal posters were reported at Karnal.[1] At Mukerian, the hartal was stopped following orders by the District Commissioner.[1]

30 March - 4 April

Date Time Notes
30 March (Sunday) Afternoon[5] Hartal and meeting at Amritsar led by Kitchlew at Jallianwala Bagh passes peacefully.[5][b] Chaired by Kitchlew, other speakers incude Kotu Mal, Swami Anubhavanand, and Dina Nath, and Satyapal remains silent.[10] The meeting is recorded by CID.[5]
During the hartal in Delhi, scuffles break out between appx. 1 p.m. and 2.30 p.m.[12][13] Around eight people are killed, and around a dozen injured.[9][12][13] Reginald Dyer, then commanding 45th (Jalandhar) Brigade drives through Delhi.[12]
31 March Hartal planning meeting held at Sialkot.[1]
Kitchlew and Dina Nath address a mass meeting at Jalandhar, and women anti-Rowlatt protestors hold a meeting at Ludhiana.[1]
2 April Hartal planning meeting held at Ambala.[1]
Swami Satya Deo visits Amritsar to cascade a message from Gandhi to preach non-violence ("soul force") for an upcoming hartal on 6 April.[1]
Kitchlew and Dina Nath address a meeting at Jalandhar.[1]
Superintendent of police at Lahore bans street processions for one month.[1]
3 April Hartal planning meetings held at Rupar, Batala, Gurdaspur, Rewari, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, and Sialkot.[1]
4 April Lieutenant Governor of Punjab since 1913, Sir Michael O’Dwyer, in Lahore, applies for Gandhi to be deported to Burma under Regulation III of 1818.[12]
Kitchlew, Kotu Mal, Dina Nath, and Swami Anubhavanand are issued with a Punjab Government order (dated 3 April) under the Defence of India Act, prohibiting them from speaking at public meetings or leaving Amritsar.[12][14]
Hartal planning meetings held at Hoshiarpur, Lahore, Karnal, and Sialkot.[1]

5 April

On 5 April hartal planning meetings are held at Amritsar, Jampur, Ferozepore, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Hoshiarpur, Lahore, Ludhiana, Lyallpur, Montgomery, and Karnal.[1] Aubrey J. O'Brien, Deputy Commissioner at Gujranwala, tells the meeting organisers in his district that resulting violence would lead to arrests.[15]

Date Time Notes
5 April Afternoon[16] Amritsar Congress Committee agree a hartal for the next day.[9]
Irving receives intelligence that the planned hartal for the 6th is not taking place.[16]
5 p.m.[17] Hans Raj, Kitchlew and other Satyagrahis are at Amritsar's Aitchison Park watching cricket, when they decide that the hartal for the next day will take place.[16][17]
Late evening[16][17] Hans Raj and others walk through the streets of Amritsar beating a drum to announce a hartal for the following day.[16]
Irving notes feeling betrayed by the intelligence he received from the Khan Bahadurs and Rai Sahibs.[16][c]
6 April (Sunday) Early morning[17] The garrison at Jalandhar dispatches Indian troops to Amritsar, giving the city a significant military presence with pickets at the railway station and outside the banks.[16]
Armed soldiers line the route from the European quarters to the church.[18]
Afternoon Wife of Khalsa College's Principal Gerard Wathen, Melicent Wathen, notes in her diary rumours of an imminent rebellion and they decide to bring forward their summer break to the hills.[16]
Hartal passes peacefully.[16][17]
Indian barrister Badrul Islam Ali Khan addresses a meeting of 50,000 delegates at Jallianwala Bagh, passing a resolution to revoke the orders issued to Kitchlew and Satyapal.[16][19]

8 - 9 April 1919

Date Time Notes
8 April Convinced that Kitchlew and Satyapal are part of a larger conspiracy, Irving writes to his superior, Commissioner of the division of Lahore, A. J. W. Kitchin, requesting a larger military presence.[6]
9 April Government of India informs O’Dwyer that Gandhi would not be deported, but his activities would be confined to Bombay.[20]
A copy of Irving's letter dated 8 April and addressed to Kitchin reaches O’Dwyer.[6][20]
O’Dwyer consults with civil surgeon Lt.-Col. Henry Smith who had come from Amritsar, about the likely impact of deporting the political leaders Kitchlew and Satyapal, and is assured that it would not provoke any disturbance.[20][21][22]
Hartal, largely organised by Satyapaal, Kitchlew, Dr. Bashir, and Hans Raj, on Ram Naumi passes peacefully.[20] Irving watches it from the porch of the Allahabad Bank and notes that the crowds played him "God Save the King", in addition to chanting for Kitchlew, Satyapal and Gandhi.[8]
7 p.m[17]/Evening[20] Irving receives a letter from O'Dwyer ordering the removal of Kitchlew and Satyapal to the furthest end of Punjab.[20]
Irving holds a meeting at his house with Superintendent of police in Punjab, John F. Rehill, Deputy Superintendent of police, Plomer, officer commanding the military station at Amritsar, Captain J. W. Massey, and Smith.[20][21]
8.30 p.m. On his way to Amritsar, at Kosi Kalan, near Delhi, Gandhi is given an order dated 4 April requesting that he does not enter Punjab.[17][23] He carries on and reaching Palwal, he is arrested and taken to Mathura and then back to Bombay.[20][21][23]

10 April 1919

Date Time Notes
10 April 8 a.m.[24] At the instruction of O'Dwyer, Irving summons Kitchlew and Satyapal to his residence for 10 a.m.[24]
10 a.m.[24] Kitchlew, Hans Raj, and Jai Ram Singh arrive at Irving's house, followed shortly by Satyapal.[24] The two leaders are met by Irving, Rehill, and Assistant Commissioner Ronald B. Beckett, and are secretly arrested under the Defence of India Act 1915 while Hans Raj and Singh wait outside with the Somerset Light Infantry on guard.[25]
10.30 a.m.[24] Rehill, drives Satyapal and Kitchlew to Dharamshala.[24][26]
Massey arranges pickets at key entry points to Amritsar's European quarters; Rego Bridge, Hall Gate Bridge, and the Hospital level crossing.[24][d]
11 a.m.[25] Around half an hour after Rehill leaves Irving's house, Irving instructs Hans Raj and Singh to deliver letters from the two leaders to their families, after which they proceed to Bashir's residence.[24]
11.30 a.m.[24] The annual horse and cattle market result in a larger than usual crowd in Amritsar.[24]
Bashir instructs Hans Raj and Jai Singh to visit the telegraph office to inform the Press, Gandhi, and the Satygraha Committee in Bombay, before calling for a city-wide hartal, and informing the local leaders Ratto and Bugga, who gather a large unarmed crowd.[24]
News of the deportation spreads rapidly through the city, shops close, and crowds gather, with a large procession forming in Hall Bazaar.[24]
12 p.m. - 12.45 p.m. (appx.)[26] Unarmed, head shaven, and barefoot procession heads towards Hall Bridge and Irving's house with the aim of delivering an oral petition (faryad) to Irving to bring their leaders back.[24] They pass the police station without trouble.[28]
Unharmed Mr Stewart and Mr Scott are seen at the National Bank, before the crowd approach Hall Gate.[28][29]
Beckett and his officers attempt to hold the civil lines as the procession advances, with some in the crowd agitating the horses.[26]
The civilians at the front sit down and beat their chests.[30]
An officer opens fire, and some in the crowds pick up stones and rubble and throw them at the officers.[26][31][e].
1-5 p.m. The peaceful crowd that was seen approaching Hall Gate are seen returning to the city with lathis and shouting that "they have killed two of us".[28]
The post office in the Town Hall is demolished, followed by further damage to the Town Hall.[28][32]
Stewart and Scott are beaten and burnt, and the National Bank is looted and destroyed.[28][32]
Mr Thomson of the Alliance Bank shoots his revolver at the crowd, kills some before being thrown onto the road and killed, followed by the burning of the Bank.[28][32][f]
Crowd moves to the Chartered Bank, where the police rescue J. W. Thomson and Mr Ross, who then with other rescued Europeans stay at the police station until midnight.[28][32]
At 1.30 p.m. Irving sends a telegram to Kitchin.[33] At around 1.30pm lady physician to the Zenana Hospital, Mary Easdon, avoids capture by hiding in a toilet and at around 3.40pm escapes disguised in a burkha.[28][34]
Between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. Captain Gerald Philip Crampton, Lieutenant Frank McCallum, and 260 unarmed Gurkhas, en route to Peshawar from from Dehradun, make a stop at the train station in Amritsar.[35] There, 100 of his men are issued rifles from the fort.[33]
Marcella Sherwood, an English missionary with the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, is assaulted.[34]
By 2 p.m. all the telegraph wires out of Amritsar had been cut and Mr Robinson of the telegraph office was dead.[33]
By 4 p.m., European women and children arrive at the fort.[36]
At 4 p.m. Dyer receives a coded message from Amritsar requesting military aid including guns and an aeroplane.[37]
4.30 - 5 p.m. Police arrive at the Alliance Bank.[38]
5 p.m.[33] Kitchin, arrives at Amritsar from Lahore by car, accompanied by Deputy Inspector General of Provincial Police, Douglas Donald.[39][40][33][g]
6.30pm[27] Captain Jarad of the recruiting office has congregated women and children at the residence of Mr Jeffries.[27]
7 p.m. Melicent Wathen notes in her diary that an aeroplane arrived at 7 p.m.[38]
8 p.m. onward Kitchin and Douglas arrive at the railway station.[33][40]
Irving is informed that Dyer is to send 400 men from Jalandhar later that night.[33] Irving requests reinforcements and briefs Kitchin on the day’s events, in the presence of Massey, Rehill, Donald and Plomer.[33][40]
Kitchin assumes charge over civil and military control.[39][41][42]
By 11 p.m.[33] 181 men of the 1/124th Baluchis and 130 men of the 2/6th Royal Sussex Regiment, commanded by Major MacDonald, have arrived at Amritsar train station.[39] There, without written orders, reference to higher authority, or informing Irving, Kitchin replaces Massey with MacDonald to be in charge of both civil and military control of Amritsar, and gives him permission to act as he sees fit. Martial law is assumed without proclomation.[39][43]
Midnight (appx.)[39] MacDonald, Plomer and the Sussex Regiment march down Hall Bazaar to the police station, from where they meet the rescued Europeans.[39][43]

11 April 1919

Date Time Notes
11 April 1 a.m. Easdon arrives at the Fort.[27]
100 British and 200 Indian troops arrive at Amritsar from Jalandhar in the early hours.[43]
1.30 a.m.[27] Rescued Europeans at the police station arrive at the Fort; the men wearing turbans.[28][32]
2 a.m. 2nd Lancers commanded by Captain Macmillan arrive at Amritsar.[39]
At the request of Kitchin, M. H. L. Morgan, then based in Lahore, is selected and recruited by Sir William Beynon to take military command of Amritsar.[44][45]
O'Dwyer declines a proposal to meet with Indian leaders of the anti-Rowlett campaign.[44]
Afternoon[46] The five Europeans who were killed on the 10th are buried[46]
9 p.m.[47] Before Morgan reaches Amritsar, Dyer arrives there, accompanied by F. C. C. Briggs and Anderson.[48][49]
Dyer meets Irving and takes formal command of civil and military authority.[42]

12 April 1919

O'Brien is transferred from Gujranwala on 12 April 1919.[15]

Date Time Notes
12 April Early morning[50] Dyer marches through Amritsar with 50 troops.[50]
10 a.m.[50] Observation by air reports a crowd of thousands at Sultanwind Gate.[50]
Dyer, Irving, and Massey take 125 British troops, 310 India troops, and two armoured vehicles to disperse the crowd of people returning from funerals.[50]
McCallum marches to the police station through roads covered in flowers.[50]
Arrest of Bugga.[50]
McCallum is placed at the police station to supervise those arrested.[50]
4 p.m.[42] Hans Raj arranges a meeting at the Hindu Sabha School, where it is announced that Lala Kanhaiya Lal will address a meeting on 13 April at Jallianwala Bagh.[42]

13 April 1919

Date Time Notes
13 April 9 a.m.[51] Dyer conducts a three-hour march through Amritsar, making 19 stops to proclaim a citywide curfew, excluding the areas of the Golden Temple and Jallianwala Bagh.[51] He is accompanied by the mounted police officers Ashraf Khan and Obadullah, followed by Malik Farid Khan and the town crier, with a large military escort and senior officers Irving, Rehill, and Plomer travelling with him in open cars, and followed by two armoured vehicles.[51] The procession sets out from the town hall, passes through Hall Bazaar and Hall Gate, follows the line of the western city wall, and concludes after several stops in the southwestern quarter of the city.[51]
1 p.m.[42] Hans Raj sees to the completion of the sweeping of Jallianwala Bagh, arranges the platform construction and drinking water, and is noted to confer with two CID officers.[42]
Before 4 p.m.[52][53] Hans Raj addresses the crowd from a makeshift platform, displaying a portrait of Kitchlew, calls for a repeal of the Rowlatt Act, and claims that those shot on 10 April had been unjustly killed while on their way to present a complaint to Irving.[52][53] Brij Gopi Nath Bekal, a bank clerk, recites a poem expressing the people's grievances, followed by speeches from Dina Nath, editor of the local Waqt newspaper, and Dr Gurbaksh Rai.[52][53]
Two resolutions are passed; a call to repeal the Rowlatt Act, and a condemnation of the shootings on 10 April.[52][53]
4 p.m. (appx.) A funeral procession passes just before an aeroplane is seen flying above.[52][53]
Rehill informs Dyer that a meeting at Jallianwala Bagh is taking place, with at least 1,000 people already gathered.[54][55] In addition to political speakers and holidaymakers, the crowd at the Bagh includes traders following the early closure of the annual horse and cattle fair, and local and village people who had come to celebrate Baisakhi.[36][42]
4.15 p.m. (appx.)[53] Girdhari Lal and friends go to Ram Bagh to see Irving, who by now had left, and sees Rehill and Dyer's troops.[53]
4.30 p.m. (appx.)[53] Dyer, Briggs, Morgan, and Dyer's two bodyguards, Anderson and Pizzey, travel in the same car to Jallianwala Bagh.[53][56] In front are the Gurkhas, following the 54th Frontier Force and 59th Scinde Rifles.[53] Behind Dyer is an armoured vehicle followed by a car with Plomer and Rehill in, and the second armoured vehicle at the rear.[53][h]
5 p.m. (appx.) Durga Das Vaid, editor of Waqt, speaks after seven previous speakers.[52]
Girdhari Lal takes his position on an adjacent roof, becoming a key eye witness.[58]
5.05 p.m. (appx.) On reaching the narrow entrance to Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer and his troops encounter a crowd of more than 20,000 unarmed civilians, and within about 30 seconds, without issuing a warning, he orders his men to open fire, while the armoured remain outside.[53] Neither Plomer nor Rehill are in the Bagh at the onset of the firing.[59]
During the Jallianwala Bagh shooting, Plomer stands just to Dyer’s left and Briggs to his right, with Anderson positioned a few paces behind and slightly to the right.[53][60] The firing of approximately 1,650 rounds continues for around 10 minutes.[36][32]
Between 5.20 p.m. and 8 p.m. Khalsa College is visited by a squadron of 11th Lancers, who order remaining Europeans to move to Ram Bagh. There, Wathen and Dyer arrive almost simultaneously.[61]
Having escaped earlier, Lal Gian Chand returns to the Bagh to find his 17 year old nephew full of bullets and with a broken skull.[61]
Girdhari Lal clears the building of all those that have taken refuge there and visits the Bagh twice, noting that many lay dead in the adjoing streets.[61]
Attar Kaur, 25 year old pregnant resident of Amritsar, becomes an eyewitness to the aftermath when she goes to search for her husband, Bhag Mal Bhatia, and finds his dead body.[62][63]
Ratan Devi becomes an eyewitness to the aftermath and chooses to remain in the Bagh beside her dead husband beyond the 8 p.m. cufew.[64]
Irving arrives at Ram Bagh at around 7 p.m.[64]
10 p.m. Dyer visits his pickets accompanied by Morgan.[52][64]
11.15 p.m.[65] Deputy Inspecter-General Police, Farquhar, phones J. P. Thompson in Lahore.[65]
Midnight Captain John T. Botting of the Royal Field Artillery and in charge of the Amritsar's permanent garrison, inspects the city and notes "their was not a soul about".[44]

14 April 1919

On 14 April 1919 Punjab officials seek compensation for Europeans affected by injury or property damage, relying on the revised Police Act, 1861, Police Act of 1881, which permits charges to be imposed on localities deemed responsible for disturbances.[66][i]

Date Time Notes
14 April 1 a.m.[65] At Wathen's request, Irving writes a detailed letter to Kitchin and O'Dwyer, summarising Dyer's actions the day before.[64]
Wathen and civil servant Jacob drive to Lahore to deliver the letter.[64]
3 a.m.[65] On reaching Lahore, Wathen meets with O'Dwyer, Kitchin, and J. P. Thompson.[64]
Kitchin is sent back to Amritsar.[64]
7 a.m. Police receive a report that a dead calf is hanging near the railway station at Gujranwala.[67]
8 a.m. Kitchin arrives in Amritsar to meet Dyer.[68]
Gurukul Bridge in Gujranwala is set on fire.[15]
Subsequently, shops close, crowds throw stones at a train arriving from Lahore, telegraph wires are cut and the bridge is set on fire.[15][67]
11 a.m. Police arrive at Gujranwala railway station, where Superintendent Heron shoots into the crowd.[67]
The crowd disperse and set fire to the post office.[67]
Europeans in Gujranwala are sheltered in the treasury.[67]
12.30 p.m. - 1 p.m..[1] Having discussed and agreed with the potential use of aeroplanes with Beynon and Colonel Minchin two days earlier, O'Dwyer receives a situation report from Gujranwala and by 1.30 p.m. sends the recently transferred Aubrey J. O'Brien back to Gujranwala.[67][69]
3 p.m.[69] Three Royal Air Force aircraft, piloted by Douglas Carbery, Oddie, and Second-Lieutenant Vincent, equipped with bombs and machine guns, drop bombs on Gujranwala, aiming at people in a farm, on a village road, in a school courtyard and boarding house, and in the town itself.[70]
Beynon receives Dyer’s report on events from 11 to 13 April and, after consulting O’Dwyer by telephone, replies "your action correct," adding that the "Lieutenant Governor [O'Dwyer] approves".[65]
Carbery returns to Lahore around 3.50 p.m.[67]
6 p.m.[1] 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division War diary entry by Lieutenent Kirby notes he successfully fired at Gujranwala.[1]
8.30 p.m. Captain Harrison arrives at Gujranwala by train with the Durham Light Infantry.[67]

15 April - 9 June 1919

Martial law was introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919, and backdated to 30 March 1919 on 21 April.[6][36][71] Under martial law, whippings were undertaken at Lahore, Kasur, Chuharkam, Gujranwala, Gurat, and Amritsar.[72] Other punishments carried out during this time included the orders to salute, fancy punishments, and orders to crawl.[72]

Date Time Notes
15 April A train with British troops and machine guns is sent from Lahore to Sheikhupura, where Indian defence force officer, Lala Sri Ram Sud, Extra assistant commissioner of Sheikhupura boards the train.[73]
Midnight Martial law introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919.[6][36]
16 April Early morning Lala Sri Ram Sud orders his troops to shoot its machine guns towards anyone it sees between Sheikhupura and Chuharkana.[74][75]
Midnight Civilians at Barhoa sever Shahdara-Lahore telegraph lines.[75]
18 April[65] India Office issues a statement on the disturbances in Punjab.[65]
19 April
Dyer visits Sherwood and imposes the Crawling Order.[76] Reginald Mortimer Howgego of the 25th Cyclist Battalion, known for his photographs, holds a picket at one end of Kucha Kaurianwala, where Sherwood was assaulted.[77]
Dyer announces Crawling Order.[8]
21 April Martial law backdated to 30 March 1919 by the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, at the request of O'Dwyer.[36][71]
By 23 April Malcolm Hailey assumes responsibility for writing the official Punjab Government report on the massacre, while simultaneously working on the Islington Commission report.[78]
24 April[78] Crawling Order ends, after around 50 people having been forced to crawl through the lane.[8]
22 May Montagu contemplates setting up an enquiry.[59]
26 May O'Dwyer publishes a farewell note as he is to retire.[7]
28 May British parliamentarians debate the use of bombing and mass shootings in Punjab as they consider the level of force needed to sustain imperial rule in India.[66]
9 June Martial law ends.[8][66]

Post martial law (1919)

Date Time Notes
18 June Montagu telegrams the Viceroy insisting on an enquiry.[59]
8 July Letter read out in House of Commons by Sir W. Joyson-Hicks stating that Sherwood was "convinced that there was a real rebellion in the Punjab, and that General Dyer saved India and us from a repetition of the miseries and cruelties of 1857".[79][80]
18 July Kapil Deva Malaviya, journalist. for the Abhyudaya, visits the Bagh to begin writing reports.[57]
25 August Dyer submits his statement to Beynon.[59]
September Indemnity Bill[81]
11 October Chelmsford receives official Punjab authorities report.[82]
14 October Disorders Inquiry Committee is appointed, with William Hunter as its chairman.[59]
29 October First hearing of Disorders Inquiry Committee.[59]
12 November Hunter Committee visits Amritsar.[59]
19 November Dyer appears before the Hunter Committee in Lahore.[59]
23 November Briggs dies at Bannu; in his possession are Dyer's personal notes on the massacre.[83]
December[82] The crawling lane appears in a David Low cartoon in a British newspaper.[82] J. C. Wedgewood brings up the massacre in the House of Commons.[82]

1920

In 1920 J. P. Thomson is furloughed to shield him from Indian nationalists.[84] In the same year B. G. Horniman publishes Amritsar And Our Duty To India.[85][86] Pearay Mohan, Indian lawyer, senior assistant editor of The Tribune, publishes An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed (1920), shortly after the release of the Indian Congress report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919, and in which includes a foreword by Lala Lajpat Rai.[74]

Date Time Notes
20 February Congress report completed.[87]
8 March 1920 Hunter Committee presents its report to the Government of India.[88]
10 March 1920 After the Viceroy's Executive Council examines the Hunter Committee report, a detailed note on it is written by William Vincent, accepting the majority report.[89]
25 March 1920 Congress Report published.[59]
27 March Dyer submits his resignation.[90]
28 May 1920 The Hunter Report, in five volumes, is published.[88] Volumes six and seven are not published.[87][91]

1921

In May 1921 the Compensation Committee organised by the Government of Punjab completes the collection of claims from Indians.[66]

1922 - 1924

Date Time Notes
1922 C. Sankaran Nair publishes Gandhi and Anarchy.[44]
1924 O'Dwyer sues Nair for libel.[44]
1925 O'Dwyer publishes India as I Knew It.[44]

Post independence

Date Time Notes
1956 Hailey submits his Indian papers to the India office Library.[78]
1965 Hailey adds two notes to his report on the disturbances in Punjab in 1919.[78]
2006 Nigel Collett'sThe Butcher of Amritsar
2019 Anita Anand's The Patient Assassin, Kim A. Wagner's Amritsar 1919

Notes and references

Sources

External links

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