Timeline of the Tanguts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
7th century
620s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 628 | Xifeng Bulai submits to the Tang dynasty[1] |
630s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 630 | The Tang dynasty bestows the imperial surname, Li, upon the Tanguts living in modern Yulin, Shaanxi[2] | |
| 635 | Tuoba Chizi submits to the Tang dynasty[1] |
680s
690s
8th century
720s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 721 | A Sogdian revolt in the Ordos region is suppressed with the help of Tanguts[4] |
730s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 735 | The name Tangut appears among the Orkhon inscriptions[5] |
9th century
870s
880s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 881 | The Tangut general Li Sigong assists the Tang dynasty in putting down the Huang Chao rebellion, and as a result receives Xiazhou, Suizhou, and Yinzhou as hereditary titles under the Dingnan Jiedushi[5] |
890s
10th century
900s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 908 | Li Sijian dies and his adopted son Li Yichang succeeds him[7] | |
| 909 | Li Yichang dies in a mutiny and his uncle Li Renfu succeeds him[7] |
910s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 910 | Li Maozhen and Li Cunxu lay siege to Xiazhou but Later Liang repels the attackers[7] |
930s
940s
950s
960s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 967 | Li Yixing dies and his son Li Kerui succeeds him[12] | |
| The Song dynasty recognizes the Dingnan Jiedushi as an autonomous state[12] |
970s
980s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 980 | Li Jiyun dies and his brother Li Jipeng succeeds him[13] | |
| 982 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jipeng of the Dingnan Jiedushi surrenders to the Song, but his cousin Li Jiqian rebels[14] | |
| 983 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian and his cohort flee to the northern deserts[13] | |
| 985 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian takes Yinzhou[15] | |
| 986 | Li Jiqian submits to the Khitans[16] | |
| 989 | Li Jiqian marries a princess of the Khitans[16] |
990s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 990 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian conquers northern Shaanxi[17] and accepts the title "King of the Xia State" (夏國王) from the Liao emperor.[18] | |
| 991 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian calls upon the Tanguts to rebel against the Song dynasty[19] | |
| 992 | Jiqian's rebellion: Khitans attack the Tanguts[20] | |
| 993 | Jiqian's rebellion: Song dynasty bans Tangut salt from entering their borders[15] | |
| 994 | Jiqian's rebellion: Song dynasty deposes Li Jiqian[14] | |
| 996 | Jiqian's rebellion: Li Jiqian rebels with Tanguts and raids Song supplies[14] | |
| 998 | Jiqian's rebellion: Song dynasty legitimizes Li Jiqian as governor of Dingnan Jiedushi[14] |
11th century
1000s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1001 | Tanguts capture Ordos[21] | |
| 1002 | Dingnan Jiedushi conquers Lingzhou, renames it Xiping, and makes it their capital[22] | |
| 1004 | 6 January | Li Jiqian dies in battle against the Tibetan state of Xiliangfu and his son Li Deming succeeds him[17] |
| Li Jipeng dies at the Song court[17] | ||
| 1008 | Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[23] | |
| 1009 | Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[23] |
1010s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1010 | Dingnan Jiedushi attacks the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[23] | |
| Tanguts request famine relief from the Song[24] | ||
| 1015 | Dingnan Jiedushi takes Liangzhou from Xiliangfu but is ousted by the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom[25] | |
| 1018 | Khitans attack Dingnan Jiedushi but fail[25] |
1020s
1030s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1032 | Li Deming dies and his son Li Yuanhao succeeds him as ruler of Dingnan Jiedushi[29] | |
| Dingnan Jiedushi annexes Xiliangfu[23] | ||
| 1034 | Li Yuanhao enacts the head shaving decree, allowing crowds to kill those who have not shaved their heads within 3 days[30] | |
| Li Yuanhao raids Song dynasty[31] | ||
| 1036 | Dingnan Jiedushi annexes the Guiyi Circuit, however Shazhou remains autonomous until 1052[28][32] | |
| 1037 | Li Yuanhao introduces a new Tangut script[33] | |
| 1038 | 10 November | Li Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia and renames Xingzhou to Xingqingfu[31] |
| 1039 | Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but is repulsed[34] |
1040s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1040 | Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia invades Song dynasty[35] | |
| 1042 | Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia conducts a full-scale invasion of Song dynasty but is repelled[36] | |
| 1043 | Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia attacks the Khitans[37] | |
| 1044 | Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Khitans attack Western Xia but fail[38] | |
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044): Western Xia and Song dynasty cease hostilities in return for an annual payment of silk, silver, and tea from the Song[39] | ||
| 1048 | Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia is assassinated and factional civil war ensues; his son Li Liangzuo becomes the nominal ruler Emperor Yizong of Western Xia[27] | |
| 1049 | Khitans attack Western Xia[40] |
1050s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1050 | Khitans attack Western Xia and exact tribute[40] | |
| 1052 | Western Xia seizes Shazhou[32] |
1060s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1061 | Civil war ends and Emperor Yizong of Western Xia secures the throne[41] | |
| 1064 | Yizong raids: Western Xia raids Song dynasty[42] | |
| 1066 | Yizong raids: Western Xia raids Song dynasty[43] | |
| 1067 | Song dynasty seizes Suizhou[44] | |
| 1068 | Emperor Yizong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Bingchang succeeds him as Emperor Huizong of Western Xia; Emperess Liang becomes regent[45] |
1070s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1070 | Western Xia attacks the Song dynasty[46] | |
| 1076 | Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao dynasty and Western Xia is outlawed by the Song dynasty[47] |
1080s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1081 | Song-Xia War (1081–1085): Song dynasty invades Western Xia with initial success, but the odd failure to bring siege weapons and extreme supply problems cause widespread mutiny and the invasion turns into a massive rout, however Song forces retained Lanzhou[48] | |
| Emperess Liang places Emperor Huizong of Western Xia under house arrest[45] | ||
| 1083 | Emperess Liang restores Emperor Huizong of Western Xia to the throne[45] | |
| 1086 | Emperor Huizong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Qianshun becomes Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia[45] | |
| 1089 | Song and Western Xia conclude a peace treaty[49] |
1090s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1092 | Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but fails[50] | |
| 1097 | Advance and fortify: Song dynasty conducts an advance and fortify campaign against the Western Xia[51] | |
| 1098 | Advance and fortify: Western Xia retaliates against Song incursions but fails to defeat Song fortifications[52] | |
| 1099 | Advance and fortify: Western Xia sues for peace[52] |
12th century
1100s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1103 | Song occupation of Tsongkha: Song dynasty invades Western Xia[53] | |
| 1104 | Song occupation of Tsongkha: Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia marries a Liao dynasty princess[54] | |
| 1106 | Song occupation of Tsongkha: Song dynasty and Western Xia end hostilities and the war ends inconclusively[53] |
1110s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1113 | Song-Xia War (1113–1119): Song dynasty invades Western Xia[53] | |
| 1119 | Song-Xia War (1113–1119): The war between Song dynasty and Western Xia ends inconclusively[53] |
1120s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1122 | Western Xia sends an army in the aid of the Liao dynasty against the Jurchen Jin dynasty but fails[54] | |
| 1123 | Western Xia sends an army in the aid of the Liao dynasty against the Jurchen Jin dynasty but fails[54] | |
| 1124 | Jin dynasty vassalizes the Western Xia[55] | |
| 1125 | 26 March | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty[56] |
1130s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1136 | Western Xia conquers the Kokonor region[57] | |
| 1139 | Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Renxiao succeeds him as Emperor Renzong of Western Xia[58] | |
| The earliest extant text printed using wooden movable type, the Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union, is printed[59] |
1140s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1140 | Khitan exiles rebel under Li Heda and are defeated[60] | |
| 1142 | Famine and an earthquake strike the capital region killing tens of thousands[60] | |
| 1144 | Emperor Renzong of Western Xia introduces Confucian institutions into the government[60] | |
| 1147 | Western Xia starts holding imperial examinations[60] |
1170s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1170 | 11 October | Ren Dejing is executed for conspiring against the Western Xia[61] |
| 1178 | Western Xia attacks the Jin dynasty[62] |
1190s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1193 | Emperor Renzong of Western Xia dies and his son Li Chunyu succeeds him as Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia[63] |
13th century
1200s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1205 | spring | Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Temujin of the Mongols raids Western Xia[63] |
| 1206 | Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia is deposed by his cousin Li Anquan who becomes Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia[64] | |
| spring | Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols[65] | |
| 1207 | Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongols raid Western Xia[66] | |
| 1209 | autumn | Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Mongols invade the Hexi Corridor and defeat a Tangut army before laying siege to Zhongxing, however they accidentally flood their own camp in the process of breaking the Yellow River dikes and are forced to retreat[67] |
1210s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1210 | Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia submits to the Mongols and hands over a daughter in marriage to Genghis Khan as well as a large supply of camels, falcons, and woven textiles[67] | |
| 1211 | Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia dies and is succeeded by his cousin Li Zunxu who becomes Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia[67] | |
| 1217 | Western Xia invades Jin dynasty but is repelled[68] | |
| 1219 | Western Xia refuses to send auxiliaries for the Mongol Empire's western campaigns[69] |
1220s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1223 | Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia abdicates to his son Li Dewang who becomes Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia[69] | |
| 1225 | Jin and Western Xia cease hostilities[70] | |
| 1226 | spring | Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Genghis Khan attacks Western Xia[69] |
| Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia dies and a kinsman Li Xian succeeds him as Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia[71] | ||
| 1227 | September | Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia[71] |
| Tanguts flee to Kangding, Henan, and Hebei[72] |
15th century
16th century
1500s
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1502 | Two octagonal dhāraṇī pillars engraved with the Tangut version of the Dharani-Sutra of the Victorious Buddha-Crown are erected at the Temple of Promoting Goodness 𘍨𗫍𗁫 (Chinese: 興善寺; pinyin: Xīngshànsì) in Baoding. These are the latest dated texts in Tangut. | |