Wikiwand AI

2004 United States Senate election in Illinois

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois was held on November 2, 2004. Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald decided to retire after one term in office. Democratic state senator and future president Barack Obama won the open seat over Alan Keyes, who was a late replacement for the original Republican nominee, investment banker Jack Ryan, who withdrew following a sex scandal. Obama's landslide victory, along with his well-received keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention during the race, launched him into national prominence and set up his 2008 election to the presidency.

Quick facts Turnout, Nominee ...
2004 United States Senate election in Illinois
← 1998
November 2, 2004
2010 →
Turnout68.56%Increase 18.31 pp
 
Nominee Barack Obama Alan Keyes
(replacing Jack Ryan)
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 3,597,456 1,390,690
Percentage 69.97% 27.05%
County results
Obama:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
     70–80%      80–90%
Keyes:      50–60%
U.S. senator before election

Peter Fitzgerald
Republican

 Elected U.S. Senator

Barack Obama
Democratic

Close

Primary elections were held on March 16. The open race, which was a first for this seat since 1980, drew a large and wealthy field of candidates. In total, at least 15 candidates, including seven millionaires,[1][2] ran in the primary elections and spent a record sum of over $60 million, triggering the first application of the millionaires' amendment to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.[3] In the Democratic primary, Obama came from behind in the polls to defeat a large field of opponents, including state comptroller Daniel Hynes and financier Blair Hull, with a surprisingly large majority of the vote. Ryan won the Republican nomination over a large field of Republicans, including dairy farmer Jim Oberweis, state senator Steve Rauschenberger, and businessman Andrew McKenna.

Obama was the early favorite over Ryan in general election polling, but the race was overshadowed by Chicago Tribune reporting on Ryan's child custody lawsuit against his ex-wife Jeri Ryan, which included allegations that Ryan had pressured his then-wife to perform sexual acts in public. Ryan withdrew from the race on July 29, leaving Obama without a Republican opponent. Having apparently won the seat by midsummer, Obama instead focused on his keynote address in support of Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry and supporting other Democratic candidates in Illinois and throughout the country, further enhancing his rising political profile. Six weeks after Ryan's withdrawal, the Illinois Republican Party chose Keyes, a resident of Maryland with a history of landslide losses, as their replacement nominee. Keyes ran an advocacy campaign focused on social issues, and Obama maintained a strong lead in polling through Election Day. Overall, Obama outspent Keyes by over $12 million, among the largest margins in United States Senate history in both absolute and relative terms.

Obama won the election with 70 percent of the vote, the largest margin of victory for any U.S. Senate candidate in Illinois history and significantly larger than Kerry's 55 percent in the concurrent presidential election. Obama carried 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several rural and suburban counties where the Democratic Party had traditionally not performed.[4] This was the first United States Senate election in history in which both major party candidates were African American. According to Obama's 2020 memoir A Promised Land, he promised his wife Michelle that if he lost the race, he would retire from politics.[5]

Background

The primaries and general elections coincided with those for federal offices (president and House), as well as those for state offices.

See also: 2004 Illinois elections § Turnout

For the primary elections, turnout was 26.69%, with 1,904,800 votes cast.[6][7] For the general election, turnout was 68.56%, with 5,141,520 votes cast.[8][7]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declined

In this campaign, Chirinjeev Kathuria became the first Indian American and the first Sikh to run for United States Senate.[13]

Campaign

The Republican primary began in earnest on April 15, 2003, when one-term incumbent Peter G. Fitzgerald announced his retirement.[10] Fitzgerald had developed a reputation as a maverick and a political moderate over his time in office, frequently clashing with fellow Republicans such as Governor George Ryan and United States House speaker Dennis Hastert.[14] Despite commissioning polling that showed him handily defeating all potential primary challengers and all potential Democratic opponents, Fitzgerald believed his poor relationship with Republican leadership would have forced him to self-finance his re-election, something he did not want to do.[10][14] His retirement was a blow to Republican senate leadership, which had backed Fitzgerald's re-election out of a belief that he was best placed to hold the seat.[10] At the time of his announcement, Fitzgerald had at least six Democratic opponents and at least three Republicans were threatening to challenge him in the primary.[11][12]

After Fitzgerald's retirement and Edgar's decision, investment banker Jack Ryan was an early favorite for the party's nomination. Ryan was a proponent of broad tax reductions and tort reform, an effort to limit payout in medical malpractice lawsuits. He was also a proponent of school choice and supported vouchers for private school students. However, he was dogged throughout the campaign by his high-profile divorce from actress Jeri Ryan; the Chicago Tribune and local American Broadcasting Company affiliate WLS-TV sought repeatedly to unseal his divorce records during the primary. On March 3, shortly before the primary, Ryan's opponents urged him to release the records; both Ryan and his wife agreed to unseal their divorce records but preserve the court seal on their child custody dispute, claiming that the records could be harmful to their son if released.[15][16]

Ryan's leading opponent in the polls was dairy farmer Jim Oberweis, who had run for Senate in 2002 and finished second in the Republican primary. Oberweis's 2004 campaign was notable for a television commercial where he flew in a helicopter over Soldier Field and claimed enough illegal immigrants entered the United States per week to fill the stadium's 61,500 seats.[17][18] Oberweis was also fined $21,000 by the Federal Election Commission for a commercial for his dairy that ran during the campaign. The FEC ruled that the commercial wrongly benefited his campaign and constituted a corporate contribution on behalf of the dairy, thus violating campaign law.[19]

Polling

More information Poll source, Date(s) administered ...
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[a]		 Margin
of error		 Jack
Ryan		 Jim
Oberweis		 Steve
Rauschenberger		 Andrew
McKenna		 Jonathan
Wright		 John
Borling		 Norm
Hill		 Chirinjeev
Kathuria		 Other Undecided
Chicago Tribune[20][A] March 3–6, 2004 580 (LV) ± 4.0% 32% 11% 8% 10% 1% 2% <1% <1% – 35%
Rasmussen Reports[21][B] March 3, 2004 – (LV) – 44% 18% 4% 10% – – – – 6% 18%
Chicago Tribune[20][22][A] February 11–17, 2004 – (LV) – 30% 12% 4% 8% – – – – – 43%
Chicago Tribune[23][A] January 6–11, 2004 503 (LV) ± 4.5% 12% 16% 5% 5% – – – – – 57%
Chicago Tribune[24][A] October 15–20, 2003 450 (LV) ± 5.0% 20% 11% 4% 3% – – 1% – 4% 58%
Close

Debate

More information No., Date ...
2004 United States Senate election in Illinois Republican primary debate
No. Date Host Moderator Link Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican
Key:
 P  Participant   A  Absent   N  Not invited   I  Invited  W  Withdrawn
John L. Borling Chirinjeev Kathuria Andrew McKenna Jim Oberweis Steve Rauschenberger Jack Ryan
1 Jan. 29, 2004 City Club of Chicago Paul Green YouTube P P P P P P
Close

Endorsements

John Borling
Federal officials
Chirinjeev Kathuria
Organizations
Andrew McKenna
Executive officials
Federal officials
State officials
Individuals
Organizations
Steve Rauschenberger
Federal officials
Individuals
Newspapers & publications
Jack Ryan
Executive officials
Newspapers & publications
Jonathan C. Wright
State officials

Results

Results by county
Map legend
  •   Ryan—50–60%
  •   Ryan—40–50%
  •   Ryan—30–40%
  •   Oberweis—30–40%
  •   Rauschenberger—30–40%
  •   Rauschenberger—40–50%
  •   Rauschenberger—50–60%
  •   McKenna—30–40%
  •   Wright—30–40%
  •   Wright—40–50%
More information Party, Candidate ...
Republican primary results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jack Ryan 234,791 35.5%
Republican Jim Oberweis 155,794 23.5%
Republican Steve Rauschenberger 132,655 20.0%
Republican Andrew McKenna 97,238 14.7%
Republican Jonathan C. Wright 17,189 2.6%
Republican John L. Borling 13,390 2.0%
Republican Norm Hill 5,637 0.9%
Republican Chirinjeev Kathuria 5,110 0.8%
Total votes 661,804 100.0%
Close

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Withdrew

Declined

Campaign

Obama float at the 2004 Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic

Early speculation on the Democratic side, prior to Fitzgerald's withdrawal, centered on Fitzgerald's predecessor, Carol Moseley Braun.[29] However, she declined to seek the nomination on January 17, 2003.Barack Obama, a member of the Illinois Senate since 1997 who had unsuccessfully challenged U.S. representative Bobby Rush in the 2000 Democratic primary, had already launched a campaign fundraising committee in July 2002,[30] and two months later had David Axelrod lined up to do his campaign media.[31] Obama formally announced his candidacy on January 21, 2003, four days after Moseley Braun's announcement.[32][33]

As the Democratic primary field firmed up by November 2003, Roll Call cited Obama, Illinois comptroller Daniel Hynes and multimillionaire securities trader Blair Hull as frontrunners. Obama was considered charismatic, and his status as the only prominent black candidate in the race and strength with "lakefront liberals" were expected to give him a solid political base. Hynes was expected to have strong backing from labor unions and the party establishment broadly, as well as name recognition from being elected statewide. Hull was considered a contender given his promise to spend $20 million on his bid. Of the other candidates, Roll Call cited Gery Chico for his strong fundraising and Maria Pappas for her name recognition, but neither were considered likely victors.[34]

Obama touted his legislative experience and early public opposition to the Iraq War to distinguish himself from his Democratic primary rivals. Although Hynes won the endorsement of the AFL-CIO, Obama won the support of three of the state's largest and most active member unions: the AFSCME, the SEIU, and the Illinois Federation of Teachers. Obama had the endorsements of four sitting members of the United States House of Representatives (Jesse Jackson Jr., Danny Davis, Lane Evans, and Jan Schakowsky); Blair Hull (Bobby Rush and Luis Gutiérrez) and Dan Hynes (Jerry Costello and Bill Lipinski) each had two. Rahm Emanuel remained neutral.

In the final three weeks of the campaign, Obama surged into the lead after he finally began advertising on Chicago television, which was expanded to downstate Illinois during the last six days of the campaign. The ads included strong endorsements by the state's five largest newspapers—the Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, Daily Herald, Rockford Register Star, and Journal Star—and a testimonial by Sheila Simon, daughter of the late U.S. senator Paul Simon, who had planned to endorse and campaign for Obama before his unexpected death in December 2003.[35]

Polling

More information Poll source, Date(s) administered ...
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[a]		 Margin
of error		 Barack
Obama		 Daniel
Hynes		 Blair
Hull		 Maria
Pappas		 Gery
Chico		 Nancy
Skinner		 Joyce
Washington		 Undecided
Chicago Tribune[20][A] March 3–6, 2004 602 (LV) ± 4.0% 33% 19% 16% 8% 6% 1% 1% 16%
Rasmussen Reports[21][B] March 3, 2004 – (LV) – 28% 22% 23% 10% 3% 1% 3% 11%
Rasmussen Reports[21][B] February 19, 2004 – (LV) – 17% 17% 27% 14% 5% 2% 1% 16%
Chicago Tribune[20][22][A] February 11–17, 2004 – (LV) – 15% 11% 24% 9% 5% – 1% 34%
Chicago Tribune[23][A] January 6–11, 2004 528 (LV) ± 4.5% 14% 14% 10% 14% 6% – – 38%
Chicago Tribune[24][A] October 15–20, 2003 450 (LV) ± 5.0% 9% 12% 6% 16% 6% 3% 2% 45%
10% 15% 6% – 8% 4% 3% 54%
Close

Debate

More information No., Date ...
2004 United States Senate election in Illinois Democratic primary debate
No. Date Host Moderator Link Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Key:
 P  Participant   A  Absent   N  Not invited   I  Invited  W  Withdrawn
Gery Chico Daniel Hynes Barack Obama Maria Pappas Nancy Skinner Joyce Washington
1 Jan. 28, 2004 City Club of Chicago Paul Green YouTube P P P P P P
Close

Endorsements

Gery Chico
State officials
Local officials
Individuals
Blair Hull
Federal officials
Local officials
Daniel Hynes
State officials
Local officials
Labor unions
Barack Obama
Executive officials
Federal officials
State officials
Local officials
Individuals
Labor unions
Organizations
Newspapers & publications
Declined to endorse
State officials

Results

On March 16, 2004, Obama won the Democratic primary by an unexpected landslide—receiving 53% of the vote, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, with a vote total that nearly equaled that of all eight Republican candidates combined—which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[42][43] The Democratic primary election, including seven candidates who combined to spend over $46 million, was the most expensive U.S. Senate primary election in history.

Results by county
Map legend
  •   Obama—60–70%
  •   Obama—50–60%
  •   Obama—40–50%
  •   Obama—30–40%
  •   Hynes—30–40%
  •   Hynes—40–50%
  •   Hynes—50–60%
  •   Hynes—60–70%
  •   Hynes—70–80%
  •   Hull—30–40%
  •   Hull—40–50%
  •   Hull—50–60%
More information Party, Candidate ...
Democratic primary results[44]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barack Obama 655,923 52.8%
Democratic Daniel W. Hynes 294,717 23.7%
Democratic M. Blair Hull 134,453 10.8%
Democratic Maria Pappas 74,987 6.0%
Democratic Gery Chico 53,433 4.3%
Democratic Nancy Skinner 16,098 1.3%
Democratic Joyce Washington 13,375 1.1%
Democratic Estella Johnson-Hunt (write-in) 10 0.0%
Total votes 1,242,996 100.0%
Close

General election

Candidates

Withdrew

  • Jack Ryan, investment banker (Republican) (suspended campaign June 25; withdrew July 29)

Campaign

Obama vs. Ryan

Ryan trailed Obama in early polls and suffered an early setback after the Tribune reported that a Ryan campaign staffer tracked Obama's appearances.[48] Although Obama acknowledged that campaign tracking is standard practice in politics, the aggressive use of the tactic by the Ryan campaign was criticized in the Tribune. Ryan's spokesman apologized and promised that the tracker would give Obama more space. Obama said he was satisfied with Ryan's decision.[48]

As the campaign progressed, the Tribune lawsuit seeking to unseal the Ryans' child custody files continued. The Obama campaign emailed reporters about the story while refraining from on-the-record commentary.[49] On March 29, Los Angeles County Superior Court judge Robert Schnider ruled that a court-appointed referee would decide which custody files should remain sealed to protect the interests of the couple's young child.[50] A few days later, Obama changed his position, calling on Democrats not to make the Ryans' divorce a campaign issue.[49] On June 22, after receiving the referee's report, Schnider publicly released those files that were deemed consistent with the interests of the Ryans' son. The released files included allegations by Jeri Ryan that Jack Ryan had taken her to sex clubs in several cities, intending for them to have sex in public.[51][52] Schnider's decision was immediately controversial, because the release went against both parties' direct request and reversed the earlier decision to seal all files in the best interest of the child. Oberweis, Ryan's primary opponent, questioned whether the allegations had any public merit, remarking, "These are allegations made in a divorce hearing, and we all know people tend to say things that aren't necessarily true in divorce proceedings when there is money involved and custody of children involved."[51]

Although some initial reaction sympathized with the couple, the sensational and sexual nature of the allegations made the revelations fodder for tabloid newspapers and television programs. The files also raised questions about whether Ryan had accurately described the documents to Republican leadership. Prior to release of the documents, Ryan had reportedly told leading Republicans that "five percent" of the divorce file could cause problems for his campaign.[53] After the documents were released, Republican officials including state party chair Judy Baar Topinka said they felt Ryan had misleadingly indicated the divorce records would not be embarrassing.[54] Some Republicans called for Ryan to withdraw from the race, and his campaign effectively ended less than a week after the records were unsealed, on June 25. Topinka, who was considering running herself, claimed that his decision was "a personal one" and that the state party had not pressured him to withdraw.[55]

Ryan officially filed documentation to withdraw his name from the ballot on July 29, leaving the Republican Party without a candidate and Obama effectively unopposed. As the Ryan campaign collapsed, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention on July 27. The speech was widely praised and pushed Obama into national political stardom.

Obama vs. Keyes

Over the next month, Edgar, Topinka, and former Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka all declined to run.[56] Orion Samuelson was prepared to accept the nomination but abandoned those plans under a doctor's orders.[57] Eventually, the Republican state committee settled on Alan Keyes, a former State Department official who had lost two earlier bids for U.S. Senate in his home state of Maryland and two bids for the Republican nomination for president in 1996 and 2000. Although Keyes was nationally known, he had few ties to Illinois, an unsuccessful electoral track record, and no momentum in the race.[58][59] The local and national media lambasted Keyes for his parachute candidacy. The Chicago Tribune published a scathing editorial, calling Keyes a "rent-a-senator" and sarcastically spelling out local geography for a candidate they suspected had no familiarity with the area: "Keyes may have noticed a large body of water as he flew into O'Hare. That is called Lake Michigan. It's large. It's wide. It's deep. And we'll spoil the surprise: You can't even see across it."[60] The New York Times published an editorial decrying Keyes's "rank hypocrisy", recalling that four years earlier, he had attacked Hillary Clinton for establishing residency in New York only two months before announcing her own U.S. Senate campaign in that state.[61]

Obama and Keyes differed on many issues including school vouchers and tax cuts, both of which Keyes supported and Obama opposed.[62] Keyes attacked Obama for voting against a bill that would have outlawed a form of late-term abortion.[63] Race became an issue in the contest when Keyes claimed that he was the true "African-American" in the race. (Ultimately, 92 percent of Black voters in Illinois would vote for Obama.)[64][65]

Obama largely ignored Keyes, leveraging his huge lead in polls to campaign outside of Illinois in support of other Democratic candidates, transfer large sums of campaign funds to other candidates and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, and sending many of his volunteers to work on other races, including that of Melissa Bean, who ultimately defeated longtime incumbent Phil Crane in the Chicago suburbs.[62]

Campaign spending

The gap in spending by the two campaigns–$14,244,768 by Obama, and $2,545,325 by Keyes–was among the largest in United States Senate history in both absolute and relative terms.[66]

Predictions

More information Source, Ranking ...
Source Ranking As of
Sabato's Crystal Ball[67] Safe D (flip) November 1, 2004
Close

Polling

More information Poll source, Date(s) administered ...
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[a]		 Margin
of error		 Alan
Keyes (R)		 Barack
Obama (D)		 Other Undecided
SurveyUSA[68][C] October 27–29, 2004 655 (LV) ± 3.9% 27% 66% 5% 1%
Research 2000[69] October 27–28, 2004 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 25% 67% – 8%
Research 2000[70][D] October 21–23, 2004 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 25% 67% – 8%
Chicago Tribune[71][A] October 16–19, 2004 700 (LV) ± 4.0% 19% 66% 6% 9%
SurveyUSA[72][C] October 4–6, 2004 636 (LV) ± 4.0% 23% 68% 7% 2%
Rasmussen Reports[73][B] October 5, 2004 500 (LV) ± 4.5% 20% 64% 7%[b] 9%
Research 2000[74] October 3–4, 2004 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 24% 69% – 7%
Chicago Tribune[75][A] September 17–20, 2004 700 (LV) ± 4.0% 17% 68% 3% 12%
Research 2000[76][D] September 14–16, 2004 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 23% 68% – 9%
Chicago Tribune[77][A] August 13–16, 2004 700 (LV) ± 4.0% 24% 65% – 11%
SurveyUSA[78] August 8–6, 2004 612 (RV) ± 4.0% 28% 67% – 5%
Close
Hypothetical polling

Jack Ryan vs. Barack Obama

More information Poll source, Date(s) administered ...
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[a]		 Margin
of error		 Jack
Ryan (R)		 Barack
Obama (D)		 Other Undecided
Chicago Tribune[79][A] May 21–24, 2004 600 (RV) ± 4.0% 30% 52% – 8%
Rasmussen Reports[80][B] May 12, 2004 500 (LV) ± 4.5% 40% 48% – 12%
Close

Results

The race was one of the first to be called on Election Day.[81]

More information Party, Candidate ...
2004 United States Senate election in Illinois[7][8]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barack Obama 3,597,456 69.97% +22.6%
Republican Alan Keyes 1,390,690 27.05% −23.3%
Independent Al Franzen 81,164 1.6% N/A
Libertarian Jerry Kohn 69,253 1.3% N/A
Write-in 2,957 0.1% N/A
Total votes 5,141,520 100.0% N/A
Democratic gain from Republican
Close

By county

More information By county, County ...
Close

Analysis

Voter demographics

Voter demographic data for 2004 was collected by CNN. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 1,373 voters in person as well as by phone.[83]

More information Demographic subgroup, Keyes ...
2004 United States Senate election voter demographics in Illinois (CNN)[83]
Demographic subgroup Keyes Obama % of
total vote
Ideology
Liberals 8 91 23
Moderates 18 80 50
Conservatives 61 33 27
Party
Democrats 5 94 40
Republicans 56 40 33
Independents 24 74 27
Gender
Men 30 67 45
Women 25 73 55
Race/ethnicity
White 31 66 78
Black 8 92 10
Latino 17 82 9
Asian N/A N/A 2
Other N/A N/A 1
Gender by race/ethnicity
White men 33 64 36
White women 28 69 42
Non-White men 19 81 10
Non-White women 11 88 13
Age
18–29 years old 25 73 21
30–44 years old 27 70 30
45–59 years old 26 72 29
60 and older 32 65 20
Income
Under $15,000 28 72 7
$15–30,000 27 71 12
$30–50,000 29 70 24
$50–75,000 27 71 24
$75–100,000 24 72 14
$100–150,000 24 70 11
$150–200,000 N/A N/A 4
$200,000 or More 25 75 4
Religion
Protestant 37 60 47
Catholic 23 75 36
Jewish N/A N/A 3
Other 8 92 5
None 15 84 9
Issue regarded as most important
War in Iraq 12 88 21
Economy/Jobs 4 93 20
Moral Issues 61 38 19
Terrorism 40 51 18
Healthcare 12 88 5
Taxes 41 59 5
Education 25 75 5
Decision to go to war in Iraq
Strongly Approve 65 29 22
Somewhat Approve 38 59 25
Somewhat Disapprove 11 87 18
Strongly Disapprove 4 94 34
Bush job approval
Strongly Approve 61 34 28
Somewhat Approve 38 56 19
Somewhat Disapprove 13 87 15
Strongly Disapprove 4 96 38
Region
Chicago 11 88 20
Cook County Suburbs 23 75 20
Collar counties 32 65 23
Northern Illinois 35 62 24
Southern Illinois 36 61 13
Area type
Urban 19 80 31
Suburban 27 70 47
Rural 40 58 22
Close

Aftermath

Following the election, Keyes refused to call Obama to congratulate him. Media reports claimed that Keyes also failed to concede the race to Obama.[84] Two days after the election, a radio interviewer asked Keyes whether he had conceded the race. Keyes replied, "Of course I've conceded the race. I mean, I gave my speech to that effect."[85]

On the radio program, Keyes explained that his refusal to congratulate Obama was "not anything personal," but was meant to make a statement against "extend[ing] false congratulations to the triumph of what we have declared to be across the line." He said that Obama's position on moral issues regarding abortion and the family had crossed that line. "I'm supposed to make a call that represents the congratulations toward the triumph of that which I believe ultimately stands for... a culture evil enough to destroy the very soul and heart of my country? I can't do this. And I will not make a false gesture," Keyes said.[85]

Obama would go on to be elected President of the United States in 2008.

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  2. [b]
    Albert Franzen (I) with 4%; Jerry Kohn (L) with 3%

Partisan clients

  1. [A]
    Poll conducted for WGN-TV
  2. [B]
    Poll sponsored by Daily Southtown
  3. [C]
    Poll conducted for WBBM-TV and KSDK-TV
  4. [D]
    Poll sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and KMOV-TV

References

Further reading

External links

Related Articles

Timelines

Top Qs

Fact Checks