University of Texas tower shooting

Graduation and military service

In June 1959, Whitman finished his schooling at St. Ann's High School in West Palm Beach, where he graduated seventh out of a class of 72 students.^[18] Weeks later, to celebrate his graduation and upcoming eighteenth birthday, Whitman and several friends drank themselves into a state of intoxication. Upon returning home, his father became enraged at his evident drunken state; he severely beat his son before throwing him into the family swimming pool.^[19]

Three days after his birthday, without his father's knowledge but with his mother's approval, Whitman traveled to Jacksonville to enlist in the United States Marine Corps; he was deployed to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, on July 6. Whitman's initial military service was exemplary, and he earned a sharpshooter's badge and the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal while stationed in Cuba. Two years later, in September 1961,^[20] Whitman enrolled at the University of Texas, where he studied mechanical engineering via a scholarship approved and funded by the Naval Enlisted Science Education Program.^[21][22]

To his fellow students at the University of Texas, Whitman was regarded as an amiable and promising student with a penchant for practical jokes. However, some acquaintances noted a morbid aspect to Whitman's personality. One acquaintance of Whitman's, Francis Schuck, Jr., would later recollect that on one occasion in Whitman's first year of studies, Whitman had stood at the window of his dormitory room staring at the UT Tower before remarking: "A person could stand off an army from the top of it before they got to him."^[4]: 46

Marriage

On August 17, 1962, Whitman married Kathleen Frances Leissner, a 19-year-old teaching student whom he had met at the university six months previously, and to whom he had become engaged on July 19. The couple chose Whitman's parents' wedding anniversary for the occasion; Whitman's family traveled from Lake Worth to attend the ceremony and his younger brother, Patrick, served as best man.^[23] The ceremony was held at St. Michael's Catholic Church in Kathleen's hometown of Needville, Texas, before the couple honeymooned in New Orleans.^[24][25]

University life

Although Whitman had initially been an assertive student, largely due to an increasingly lackadaisical attitude to his studies and resultant poor academic performance, the Marine Corps deemed his academic performance insufficient to warrant the continuation of his scholarship and he was ordered to return to active duty in February 1963, being stationed in Camp Lejeune to serve the remainder of his enlistment.^[26]

Despite a November 1963 court-martial pertaining to instances of gambling and usury,^{[27][n 2]} Whitman achieved the rank of Lance Corporal while stationed at Camp Lejeune. He was honorably discharged from the Marines on December 4, 1964 and returned to Austin where—in March 1965—he enrolled in an architectural engineering program at the University of Texas as his wife worked as a biology teacher at Lanier High School.^[28][29]

In an effort to obtain his engineering degree faster, Whitman undertook a full academic workload. By 1966, he had also studied for and passed a state licensing exam for real-estate agents. As the teaching salary Whitman's wife earned was insufficient to sustain the lifestyle the couple desired, both also held part-time jobs.^[30]

Parents' divorce

In early March 1966, Whitman's mother announced her decision to divorce her husband after over 25 years of marriage because of his continued physical and emotional abuse.^[31] Upon receipt of this news, Whitman immediately drove overnight to Florida to help his mother move to Austin. Whitman's youngest brother, John, also left Lake Worth to relocate to Austin with his mother, although his brother Patrick remained in Florida with his father. Reportedly, Whitman was so fearful that his father would resort to violence against his mother as she prepared to leave him that he summoned a local policeman to remain outside the house while she packed her belongings. Shortly after Margaret Whitman relocated to Austin, she obtained employment as a cashier in a local cafeteria and moved into an upscale apartment.^[32]

Psychological frustrations

At the urging of his wife, on one occasion approximately two weeks after his parents' separation, Whitman sought professional help from a campus psychiatrist named Maurice Dean Heatly to discuss the sources of pressure, frustration, and distress within his life.^[33][34] Heatly's notes regarding this two-hour session reveal Whitman—whom Heatly observed to be a somewhat self-centered and egocentric individual^[16]: 71—had disclosed that he constantly strove to better himself and that he had endured increasingly frequent headaches. Whitman also revealed his sense of self-loathing over the fact that he had twice struck his wife throughout the course of their marriage, his resultant fear of becoming a frequent woman beater in the mold of his "demanding" father,^[16]: 71 and his frustration regarding his father's almost daily phone calls to him pleading with him to persuade his mother to return to Florida.^[35]

Dr. Heatly's notes from this session also reveal that Whitman had been "oozing with hostility" throughout the entire session, that he had sensed something was wrong with himself, and that Whitman had disclosed his developing fantasies of shooting random people from the observation deck of the UT Tower.^[36][22] Although Dr. Heatly scheduled a further counseling session for the following week, Whitman chose not to attend.^{[37][n 3]}

It is unknown precisely when Whitman decided to end his life, or when he selected the Main Building of the University of Texas as the location for his act of mass murder. The contents of one of Whitman's suicide notes would reveal that in the months prior to his death, he had become "a victim of many unusual and irrational thoughts" and that since talking with Dr. Heatly, he had been "fighting [his] mental turmoil alone".^[39] He is known to have twice visited the observation deck of the UT Tower in the ten days prior to August 1, 1966. On the first occasion, on July 22, he had been in the company of his brother John and a friend; on the second occasion six days later, he had been alone.^[40]

Margaret and Kathleen Whitman

Margaret Elizabeth Whitman

Kathleen Frances Whitman

At 6:45 p.m. on July 31, 1966, Whitman sat at his typewriter and began composing the first of his two suicide notes, in which he outlined his intentions to murder his wife and mother prior to committing his act of mass murder at the University of Texas. Midway through composing this note, he was interrupted by two friends named Larry and Elaine Fuess. Both later remarked Whitman seemed "particularly relieved about something—you know, as if he's solved a problem"^[41] and that on two occasions throughout the evening, Whitman remarked: "It's a shame that [Kathleen] should have to work all day and then come home to..." In both instances, Whitman neither finished his sentence nor elaborated further. The trio conversed for a few hours before the Fuesses left so that Whitman could drive his wife home from her part-time job as a switchboard operator. Kathleen Whitman is believed to have immediately retired to bed.^[4]: 51

Shortly after midnight (at approximately 12:30 a.m.), Whitman drove to his mother's Guadalupe Street apartment and stabbed her to death with a bayonet^[4]: 32 before placing her body upon her bed and covering her with sheets. He then grabbed a yellow legal pad and penned the second of his two suicide notes, which he left beside her bed.^{[42][n 4]} He then returned home and, at approximately 3:00 a.m., repeatedly stabbed his wife through the heart as she lay asleep in their bed before—in largely illegible handwriting—finishing composing his first suicide note.^[43][44][45] In both suicide notes, he professed his love for both his wife and mother, saying he had killed them to spare them humiliation and—in his mother's case—to alleviate her suffering.^[46][47] He also outlined the "intense hatred" he felt for his father because of the physical and emotional abuse his father had inflicted upon his mother throughout their marriage, describing this hatred as "beyond description".^{[48][n 5]}

Final preparations

Later that morning, Whitman phoned his wife's boss to explain she was ill and unable to attend work that day; he then rented a dolly before driving to his bank, where he cashed $250 worth of bad checks (equivalent to $2,500 in 2025)^[49] — one drawn from his own account, and another from his mother's. At 9 a.m. he drove to a hardware store, where he purchased a .30 caliber Universal M1 carbine, two additional ammunition magazines, and eight boxes of ammunition, telling the cashier he planned to travel to Florida to hunt wild hogs.^[50] Thirty minutes later he purchased four more carbine magazines, six additional boxes of ammunition, and a can of gun cleaning solvent from Chuck's Gun Shop^[51] before purchasing a 12 gauge semi-automatic shotgun from a nearby Sears. Whitman then returned home, where he sawed off the butt and barrel of the shotgun in his garage.^[52] All these purchases were then placed into Whitman's footlocker, which he had retained from his service within the Marine Corps.^[53]

Whitman also packed into his footlocker a Remington Model 700 6-mm bolt-action hunting rifle equipped with a Leupold M8-4X scope, a .35-caliber Remington pump action rifle, a 9-mm Luger pistol, a Galesi-Brescia .25-caliber pistol, a Smith & Wesson M19 .357 Magnum revolver, and more than 700 rounds of ammunition. He also packed assorted cans of food in addition to a flask of coffee, vitamins, Dexedrine, Excedrin, earplugs, three-and-a-half gallons of water, matches, lighter fluid, rope, binoculars, a machete, a hatchet, three knives, a small Channel Master transistor radio, toilet paper, a razor, and a bottle of Mennen deodorant.^[54]

Shortly before driving to the University of Texas, Whitman also donned blue nylon khaki coveralls over his shirt and jeans in an effort to appear as a janitor, repairman, or deliveryman and thus deflect any suspicion upon his arrival at the university.^[55]

University of Texas

At approximately 11:25 a.m.,^[4]: 31 Whitman reached the University of Texas at Austin, where he displayed false research assistant identification to a guard in order to obtain a 40-minute parking permit with the explanation he was delivering teaching equipment to a professor.^[4]: 31 Whitman then wheeled his equipment toward the Main Building of the university. He is believed to have entered the Tower between 11:30 and 11:35 a.m. and may have timed his entrance to the tower to coincide with the 11:45 a.m. student class changeover in order to maximize the number of available targets walking around the campus.^[56]

Upon entering the Main Building, Whitman found the elevator did not work. An employee named Vera Palmer—believing Whitman was a repairman—informed him the elevator had been "turned off" before reaching for a switch to activate it for him;^[16]: 126 Whitman smiled as he thanked Palmer, stating, "Thank you ma'am",^[4]: 31 before repeatedly saying: "You don't know how happy that makes me... how happy that makes me."^[57] He exited the elevator on the 27th floor, then hauled the dolly and equipment up a final flight of stairs to a hallway, then down a corridor toward the observation deck.^[16]: 126

UT Tower homicides

Inside the reception area, Whitman encountered 51-year-old receptionist Edna Townsley; he bludgeoned Townsley into unconsciousness with his rifle butt—splitting her skull—before dragging her body behind a couch.^[58] As Whitman hid Townsley's body, he was surprised by a young Texan couple named Donald Walden and Cheryl Botts, who entered the room from the observation deck as he leaned over the couch. Botts later stated she and Walden believed Whitman, holding a firearm in each hand, was about to shoot pigeons; she smiled and greeted Whitman, who smiled back and said, "Hi, how are you?"^[59] Both observed a dark stain on the carpet close to where Townsley had been seated, which Botts assumed was varnish.^[60][61]

Moments after Walden and Botts exited the 28th floor, Whitman constructed a makeshift barricade to the floor entrance using Townsley's desk, two chairs, and a wastebasket. As he was about to enter the observation deck, he was surprised by a vacationing Texarkana family attempting to navigate the barricade. As 16-year-old Mark Gabour attempted to prise the entrance to the staircase open, Whitman wheeled and fired at the family with his shotgun, killing Mark and his 56-year-old aunt, Marguerite Lamport, and seriously wounding 19-year-old Michael Gabour and his 41-year-old mother, Mary, before resealing his makeshift barricade.^[58] Michael Joseph Gabour Sr. (48) and William Lamport (who had been following their family members to the reception area) were uninjured; both briefly ran from the stairwell before attempting to provide care for their family members, then running for help. Gabour would later recall encountering Vera Palmer exiting an elevator on the 27th floor to relieve Edna Townsley's receptionist position; he frantically cautioned the young woman as to the ongoing homicidal commotion. Palmer immediately returned to the ground floor.^[62]

After again securing the makeshift barricade, Whitman fatally shot Townsley once in the head before wheeling his footlocker to the six-foot-wide observation deck,^{[n 6]} where he wedged the dolly against the sole entrance door before—at approximately 11:46 a.m.—donning a white headband and unpacking his weapons from the footlocker, which he placed around all four sides of the deck.^[64]

Observation deck shootings

At 11:48 a.m. Whitman began shooting from the observation deck 231 feet (70 m) above the ground.^[65] His targets were random individuals upon and around the campus, although the majority were young students, including an 18-year-old woman who was eight months pregnant and whose unborn child was fatally shot—the first individual Whitman shot from the observation deck. Several of those killed or injured were shot on or near a section of Guadalupe Street known as the Drag, which is home to coffee shops, bookstores, and other locations popular with students and is located to the west of the Main Building; numerous others were shot from the other three sides of the observation deck. In the first 20 minutes after Whitman first fired from the tower, he shot the majority of his victims.^[66]

Initially, several individuals upon and close to the campus mistook the sound of gunfire for noise sourcing from a nearby construction site^[45] and thought that the persons falling to the ground were participating in either a distasteful joke or a symbolic protest against the Vietnam War.^[67] One student within the tower at the time of the shootings, 23-year-old Norma Barger, later recollected looking from her fourth floor window and observing six individuals sprawled close to the tower. Initially, Barger "expected the six to get up and walk away laughing" before she noticed the blood by their bodies and saw another individual fall to the ground.^[66] One woman who was shot in the stomach close to the Main Building recalled that as she pleaded with a passing bystander for help, he tersely replied: "Get up! What do you think you're doing?"^[68] However, as the reality of the unfolding events dawned upon the public, those present on the ground took refuge behind any available form of cover.^[69] Nonetheless, several people also risked their lives to rescue those wounded as Whitman remained upon the observation deck.^[70] Ambulances from local funeral homes and an armored car were also used to reach the casualties as local news reporters broadcast updates of the ongoing situation, warning the public to avoid traveling close to or venturing onto the university campus.^[68][71]

As the shootings continued, several police officers and civilians provided suppressive fire from the ground with firearms of varying calibers including pistols, shotguns, and hunting rifles,^[2] forcing Whitman to remain low and predominantly fire through the three large storm drains located at the foot of each of the four feet high observation deck walls, where he continued to find targets, including a 29-year-old electrical repairman, Roy Dell Schmidt, who was fatally shot 500 yards (1,500 ft; 460 m) from the tower seconds after remarking to a policeman his belief he was out of the sniper's range,^[72][73] and 30-year-old funeral home director Morris Wayne Hohmann, who was shot and seriously wounded seconds after entering Whitman's view from behind the cover of the ambulance in which he had been transporting wounded people to local hospitals.^[74]

Police chartered a two-seater Champion Citabria light aircraft, from which sharpshooter Marion Lee attempted to obtain a clear shot of Whitman as the aircraft orbited close to the tower; however, rising heat waves created turbulence, limiting the stability of the aircraft and thus Lee's ability to focus. Whitman fired two shots into the aircraft before pilot Jim Boutwell navigated to a safe distance,^[75] from which he continued to circle, seeking to distract Whitman and further limit his ability to fire from the tower.^[4]: 38

End of incident

At approximately 1:21 p.m. Martinez and Crum reached the door to the observation deck. Martinez first dislodged the dolly Whitman had wedged against the entrance door before instructing Crum to remain positioned outside the door with his firearm focused to provide cover from their right, and to shoot anyone who appeared in his sights from this southwesterly direction. Martinez then proceeded warily to the left. McCoy and Day separately reached the observation deck shortly thereafter: McCoy immediately followed Martinez to Crum's left; Day—arriving at the observation deck shortly after McCoy—proceeded to Crum's right, with Crum providing cover.^[93]

Seconds after Day began proceeding toward the southwestern corner of the observation deck, Crum—having heard the sniper's footsteps proceeding toward the corner of the observation deck he covered—fired a single shot from his rifle into the southwest corner of the parapet, directing Whitman away from his line of fire and toward the northwestern corner of the observation deck.^[94]

As Whitman crouched close to the northwestern wall of the observation deck with his firearm focused in the direction of the source of Crum's rifle shot, Martinez and McCoy rounded the northeastern corner. Martinez emerged from cover and immediately fired in Whitman's direction, missing with most or all of his six revolver shots.^{[95][n 7]} Almost simultaneously, McCoy leaped from cover as Martinez rapidly fired in Whitman's general direction; he recollected observing Whitman's head looking over the light ballast. McCoy fired at Whitman's white headband,^[97] hitting him between the eyes with several pellets and killing him almost instantly. McCoy then fired his shotgun a second time, hitting Whitman on his left side. Whitman fell to the ground; Martinez then grabbed McCoy's shotgun, ran to Whitman's prone body, and fired a direct shotgun blast into Whitman's left arm at close range.^[88] The time of Whitman's death was 1:24 p.m.—approximately 96 minutes after he had first opened fire from the observation deck.^[98]

As civilians and police were initially unaware the sniper had been killed, those upon the ground continued firing at the tower, narrowly missing Martinez.^{[16]: 124, 214-5 [91]} McCoy instructed another officer to notify a police dispatcher to announce to Austin's news media outlets that the sniper had been killed.^[99] As these instructions were relayed, Allen Crum waved a white handkerchief from above the parapet to signal the sniper's siege from the tower was over.^[100]

Several of the immediate media broadcasts and publications erroneously referred to Crum as the sniper waving a white flag in a public gesture of surrender.^[101]

Public convergence

In the minutes immediately following the media announcement of the sniper's death, several hundred students, staff, and citizens within the vicinity of the Main Building emerged from cover and silently converged upon and around the campus. According to one survivor, few "said anything" as all present were in a state of disbelief and stunned silence.^[102] KTBC reporter Neal Spelce later stated those converging upon campus "looked like they were mesmerized ... they, they weren't looking at each other; they weren't talking to each other ... most of them were just kind of walking around as if dazed and wondering what in the world has happened ... to my world."^[103]

Perpetrator's identification

An examination of Whitman's personal possessions revealed several identification cards.^[41] By 3 p.m., his identity had been formally established and his name broadcast nationwide. Whitman's father—upon hearing news reports of his son's identification—contacted the Austin police and provided both his son's address and that of his former wife.^[104] Shortly thereafter, police discovered the bodies of both women and the suicide notes Whitman had left close to their bodies.^[105]

At Whitman's home, investigators also discovered a note he had placed alongside two cameras and his wife's wedding ring upon a dresser beside their bed. The note simply read: "Have the film developed in these cameras. Thank you."^[106] Also discovered was a collection of written admonitions he had apparently read on a daily basis stored inside an envelope. On the outside of the envelope, Whitman had penned a final message: "8-1-66. I never could quite make it. These thoughts are too much for me."^[107]

Killed

UT Tower shootings

• Edna Elizabeth Townsley (51). Receptionist. Bludgeoned into unconsciousness with the butt of Whitman's rifle, then shot in the head. Townsley died of her injuries two hours after Whitman's death.^{[16]: 128-9 [113]}
• Mark Jerome Gabour (16). Tourist. Shot in the head by Whitman as he attempted to navigate the makeshift barricade Whitman had constructed to the 28th floor.^[16]: 135
• Marguerite M. Lamport (56). Tourist. Shot by Whitman as she ascended the stairwell to the 28th floor. She was pronounced dead on arrival at Brackenridge Hospital.^[114]
• Baby Boy Wilson. Unborn child of 18-year-old Claire Wilson—the first person shot from the UT Tower.^{[115][n 8]}

• Thomas Frederick Eckman (18). Freshman student and fiancé of Claire Wilson. Eckman was shot through the chest seconds after Wilson was hit. He died almost immediately.^[116]
• Dr. Robert Hamilton Boyer (33). Mathematician (see Boyer–Lindquist coordinates). Boyer may have been the third person shot from the tower; he was struck in the lower back. He was days away from relocating to England, where he had secured a teaching post at the University of Liverpool.^[117][80]
• Karen Joan Griffith (17). A Lanier High School student and one of Kathleen Whitman's biology class students. Griffith received a shot in the shoulder and chest which pierced her right lung; she died seven days later.^[118]
• Thomas Ray Karr (24). Senior student. Karr was shot in the spine as he walked to his apartment following a Spanish exam, reportedly as he attempted to assist Griffith. He died in a hospital emergency room at 1:10 p.m.^[114]
• David Hubert Gunby (23). Engineering student. Gunby was shot in the upper left arm, the bullet entering his abdomen and severing his small intestine at approximately 11:55 a.m. During surgery, it was discovered that Gunby had only one functioning kidney, which had now been severely damaged; he was in great pain for the rest of his life. In November 2001,^[119] he died at age 58 one week after discontinuing dialysis resulting from his health having deteriorated to the degree of his becoming largely bedridden via kidney disease.^[1] His death was officially ruled a homicide.^[120]
• Thomas Aquinas Ashton (22). Student and Peace Corps volunteer. Ashton was killed while walking to meet three fellow Peace Corps volunteers at the Student Union. He was shot once in the chest.^[121]

Paul Bolton Sonntag

Claudia Marie Rutt

Carla Sue Wheeler

• Paul Bolton Sonntag (18). High school graduate. Sonntag and his girlfriend, Claudia Rutt, took refuge behind a construction barricade on Guadalupe Street upon hearing gunfire from the UT Tower. When Sonntag abruptly stood, Whitman shot him in the mouth, killing him instantly.^[94] Sonntag's grandfather, KTBC news director Paul Bolton, learned of his namesake grandson's death as the victims' names were recited on air that day.^[120]
• Claudia Marilyn Rutt (18). High school graduate and ballet dancer. Rutt was shot in the chest seconds after seeing her boyfriend shot through the mouth and attempting to go to his aid; she died several hours later.^{[120][122][123]} Rutt's friend, Carla Sue Wheeler, was shot in the left hand as she attempted to prevent her from emerging from cover to assist Sonntag.^[124]
• Harry Walchuk (38). Walchuk was a PhD student and father of six children. He was shot once in the chest on Guadalupe Street while leaving a magazine store.^[125]
• Officer Billy Paul Speed (23). Austin Police officer. Patrolman Speed was shot through a gap in the masonry between decorative balusters on the South Mall at 12:08 p.m. He was pronounced dead on arrival at Brackenridge Hospital.^[120]
• Roy Dell Schmidt (29). Electrician. Schmidt had taken cover with several other people behind his vehicle some 500 yards (460 m) from the tower. Approximately 30 minutes after Whitman had begun shooting, Schmidt stood in the belief he was out of range and was almost immediately shot in the abdomen.^[16]: 173 He was the fatality farthest from the tower.^[126]

Wounded

Distinguished service awards

In 2008, the Austin City Council present Distinguished Service Awards to individuals (some deceased) who selflessly assisted in ending the University of Texas tower shooting:^[99]

Officer Billy Paul Speed: City of Austin police officer. Killed near tower.

Officer Phillip Conner: Former Army medic. Administered first aid to casualties and provided cover as other officers entered Main Building.

Officer Jerry Day: Moved casualty to safety before ascending tower to observation deck.

Officer Ramiro Martinez: Ascended tower to observation deck. First officer to spot and fire at sniper.

Officer Houston McCoy: Ascended tower to observation deck. Fired fatal shots into sniper.

Officer Harold Moe: Instrumental in saving the lives of two critically injured victims. Used portable radio to notify police the siege was over.

Officer George Shepard: Instrumental in saving the lives of two critically injured victims.

Officer Milton Shoquist: Instrumental in saving the lives of two critically injured victims.

Department of Public Safety Agent William A. Cowan Jr.: Ascended tower. Instrumental in implementing communications network and removing people from the 27th floor.

Civilian Jim Boutwell: Volunteered usage of light aircraft to police. Orbited tower in efforts to shoot and subdue sniper.

Lieutenant Marion Lee: Sharpshooter in light aircraft piloted by Boutwell. Orbited tower in efforts to shoot and subdue sniper.

Civilian Allen Crum: Ascended tower to observation deck. Assisted officers Day, Martinez, and McCoy in felling sniper.

Civilian Frank Holder: University employee. Assisted officers in navigating tower to observation deck.

Civilian William Wilcox: University employee. Navigated officers through underground tunnels to safely enter Main Building.

Film

• The made-for-television action drama The Deadly Tower is directly based upon the University of Texas tower shooting. Directed by Jerry Jameson and featuring Kurt Russell as Whitman, The Deadly Tower was released on October 18, 1975.^{[164][165][166]}
• The 2016 documentary film Tower directly focuses on the events of August 1, 1966. Directed and produced by Keith Maitland, this 82-minute documentary features interviews with several individuals upon the campus on the date of the massacre including victims, rescuers, and law enforcement officers.^[167]

Books

Television

• A 90-minute documentary, The Killing of America, features a section devoted to the murders committed by Charles Whitman. Directed by Sheldon Renan, this documentary was released in September 1981.^[168]
• The made-for-TV series Great Crimes and Trials of the 20th Century has broadcast an episode focusing on Whitman's murders. Commissioned by the BBC and narrated by Robert Powell, this 25-minute documentary was first broadcast in 1994.
• Sniper '66: A 60-minute documentary written and directed by Whitney Milam. First broadcast in July 2006, Sniper '66 received a Lone Star Emmy Award for Best Historical Documentary in 2007.^[169]
• The Discovery Channel has broadcast a 45-minute episode relating to Charles Whitman as part of the true crime series Deranged Killers. This documentary features interviews forensic psychiatrist Katherine Ramsland and author Gary Lavergne.
• The 28th Floor. Commissioned by Investigation Discovery as part of the documentary series A Crime to Remember and narrated by Claire Jamison, this 45-minute documentary was initially broadcast on December 2, 2014.^[170]