User:Ccarda

Anwendung

Laut damals geheimer Dienstvorschrift Der Schlüssel M – Verfahren M Allgemein diente diese Maßnahme in erster Linie dazu, Funksprüche auf diese Weise „auf unterschiedliche Länge“ zu bringen.^[1] Oft mussten nämlich inhaltsgleiche Klartexte unterschiedlichen Empfängern verschlüsselt mitgeteilt werden. Dazu wurden sie entsprechend den diversen Schlüsselnetzen mit unterschiedlichen Schlüsseln verschlüsselt, was unterschiedliche Geheimtexte mit jedoch gleicher Textlänge ergibt. Fallen nun dem Gegner nahezu gleichzeitig mehrere unterschiedliche, aber gleich lange Geheimtexte auf, eventuell noch vom selben Absender, so liegt für ihn die Vermutung einer „Geheimtext-Geheimtext-Kompromittierung“ nahe. Die britischen Codebreakers im englischen Bletchley Park (B.P.)^[2] kannten und schätzten diesen Fall und nannten ihn einen Kiss (English: für: „Kuss“). Solch ein Kiss galt als idealer Einstieg zum Brechen des Funkspruchs, noch deutlich besser als ein „Crib“, also eine vermutete Textpassage.

Application

According to the service regulations in action The Key M - Process M General (germ.: Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein ), which were kept secret at that time, the main purpose of this procedure was to vary the lengths of radiograms (Key M is referring to the Enigma M4, part of the series of Enigma machines). Cleartexts of the same content had to be encoded and delivered to various recipients frequently. To do so, the cleartexts were encoded according to the key, which was assigned to that section of the key network. This resulted in various encrypted texts of the same length. In case the opponent notices different encrypted texts of a similar length, at approximately the same time, possibly from the same sender, one considers the case of a compromising of two encrypted texts. The British Codebreakers at Blechtley Park (B.P.) in England were familiar with such cases, which they happily received. They used to call such an incident a Kiss. Such a Kiss was an ideal starting point to break an encrypted radiogram. It was even better than a Crib, which is a sample of a presumably known plaintext in codebreaking.

Group translation:

Application

According to the secret regulations in force at that time Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein (Engl. The key M - Process M General), this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths ("Key M" refers to the Enigma M4, part of the series of Enigma machines). ^[1] Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different keys corresponding to the different encryption networks. This resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet had the same length. If the enemy noticed different ciphertexts of a similar length at approximately the same time, possibly from the same transmitting operator, the receiving operator would assume that a known-ciphertext-attack was taking place. The British Codebreakers from the English Bletchley Park (B. P.)^[3] were familiar with such cases and glad to receive them naming this a kiss. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal oportunity to decipher radio messages, even better than a "Crib", a deciphered text section.

An ideal starting point for breaking

Next translation: Michael Berthold

Michael Berthold (*October 25, 1882 in Auersthal; † March 19, 1956 in Linz) was an Austrian trade unionist, national secretary of the Christian labor union in Eisenstadt and politician during the time of Austrofascism. Between 1936 and 1938 Berthold held office as a councilor in the provincial government of the Burgenland region.

His father was Michael Berthold from Auersthal, a crofter. He graduated from the Volksschule and worked as a Federal Railways employee from 1906 to 1921. He was an active member of the labor union and took up office as the national secretary of the Christian labor union of the Burgenland region February 15th 1930. Furthermore, he was the national leader of the Freiheitsbund (Engl.: Allegiance of Freedom). He was also the president of the administrational committee of the Chamber for Workers and Employees, from January 1st 1934 until March 12th 1938 and head of the national cartel of the Einheitsgewerkschaft (Engl.: united trade union [of Austria]) from March 2nd 1934 until March 12th 1938. May 20th 1936 he took office as councilor and replaced Johann Wagner in the Landesregierung Sylvester II (Engl.: federal state government) of which he was a member until the invasion of the German forces on the 12th of March 1938.

Literature

• Johann Kriegler: Politisches Handbuch des Burgenlandes. I. Teil (1923–1938). Eisenstadt 1972

Group translation: King Louis Bridge

The King Louis Bridge (German: König-Ludwig-Brücke) spans the River Iller in the town of Kempten in the Allgäu in southern Germany. It was built by the Royal Bavarian State Railways in the middle of the 19th century. After being reconstructed and changed in use several times, the bridge is currently closed due to an assumed instability.

Location

The bridge crosses the stream cutoff of the River Iller in the South of Kempten. At the time the bridge was erected, the area surrounding the bridge was thinly populated. Geologically the construction is situated on sedimentation of the terminal moraine and recessional moraines of the Würm glaciation.

History

The wooden bridge, which is divided in three sections, was built according to the truss system, developed by American engineer William Howe, between 1847 and 1851. It has two parallel superstructures, with an overhead rail track for the Ludwig South-North Railway.

As the weight of trains and locomotives increased, only a single-tracked use was allowed. In the year 1880, an iron tension flange was incorporated in the middle section of the bridge to support it.

The construction was closed to trains in 1905, due to neighbouring concrete bridges (Obere Illerbrücken), which were almost finished. In 1911 the town of Kempten purchased the truss bridge and had it altered for road traffic. The Wehrmacht detonated the eastern part of the wooden superstructures in April 1945. The emerging gap was filled within the same year, using a wooden interim bridge, which was replaced by a composite construction in 1957.

After the construction of the new Kempten Station in 1969, one of the concrete bridges was closed to trains and altered for road traffic. Thus the town could reconvert their oldest bridge construction for pedestrians and cyclists in 1970. The bridge got its current name King Louis Bridge in 1988, it is officially called Iller bridge I by the conservation authorities. Before this, the bridge sections from 1957 were removed because of corrosion damage. Moreover the middle and western sections of the northern wooden superstructure from 1986 were removed with a mobile crane and the western section shortened, rotated 180 degrees and placed in the eastern gap.

It is the only remaining bridge built according to the Howe truss structure and was the longest one of them in Germany,^[4] presumably worldwide. In 2005 the larch and oak wood of the bridge was protected from solar radiations with a net made of synthetic fibers, to counter wood deterioration.^[5][6][7] Originally the bridge was boarded to protect the wood against the elements. This prevision could however not prevent damage due to damp.

Over time the damage caused by the elements was so advanced, that the town decided to close the bridge for safety reasons in December 2013. A small number of people questioned the restoration of the bridge and demanded it being demolished. Kempten council decided on the restoration. The funds for this came from different contributors, amongst others the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Since 1st September 2017, the neighboring road bridge was closed to transport the wood construction, which was fragmented in three pieces, with two tall cranes, at first to the bridge and then to a parking lot on the Kotterner road. The sections of the bridge were restored there in a temporary field workshop and prepared for the reconstruction.^[8][9] The middle section of the bridge – also the heaviest – was put back on its pillars after restoration on 17th July 2018.^[10]

Construction

The bridge spans the 120 meters wide and 34 meters deep Iller valley with three beams, their span widths are 35, 52 and 26 meters (from West to East).^[11] The cross section of the wooden superstructure, two box-shaped constructions, which have respectively two girder supporting systems of 5,26 meters high and each one has an overhead and an underlying wind brace. These box-shaped constructions were supported about every 12 meters with a Saint Andrew’s Cross.^[12] The girder supporting systems have three layers. Both outer layers are composed of two principal rafters, which rise to the middle of the bridge. The tie beams form the middle layer of the girder supporting system. The struts have a square cross section with 19 centimeters edge length and are made of stone and are finished with Swiss larch beam and oil-soaked oak.^[13] The horizontal beams (upper belt and lower belt) are each one composed of three parallel beams with the cross-section dimensions of 22 x 28 centimeters and are about 10.6 meters long. The iron hanger rods in pairs are arranged every 2.12 meters in the sections of the bridge. The cross-section dimensions vary between five centimeters near the bridge bearing and four centimeters in the middle section.^[14] This indicates that the calculations by Carl Culmann were made according to the Howe Truss.^[15] The hanger rods were produced by BHS-Sonthofen. The two box-shaped constructions support both rails of the railroad on joint crossbeams. The whole wooden construction leans on two pillars nearly 25 meters high and on two counter bearings, which were built of stone with a revetment of ashlar. Both counter bearings have pointed arch shaped sections, which were used as storage for firefighting water.^[16] The shelter of the wooden construction was reached from the sides with hanging timber panels by a “roof” made of double-walled wooden laggings and a tin revetment.^[17] This revetment was weatherproof (rain, sun) and resistant to flying sparks and ashes of steam trains.^[18]

Because of the increasing weight of the trains (in 1854 around 19, in 1859 around 30, in the 1890’s around 60 tons^[19]) the bridge was later used single-tracked. In 1880 iron tension flanges (undervoltaged) were built in the middle section of the bridge, which were fixed to the upper beams, functioning as compression flange.^[20][21]

After the town Kempten bought the bridge in 1911, the rails were worn out and the original substructure of the railroad bridge was fitted with a roadway.

In 1986 the whole bridge underwent extensive reconstruction. The northern carrier, including all three parts, was removed, the western carrier was altered, rotated and replaced the composite structure from 1951 in the eastern section of the southern carrier ^[22]. The wood of the northern middle pillar was removed. The hanging timber panels on the sides of the bridge were removed to reveal the carrier structure. The town of Kempten closed the bridge in December 2013. The carriers were wrapped in foil in a complex process to prevent further damage due to weather conditions.^[23] The stability of the bridge was inspected, the results lead to the elaboration of a restoration plan. The city council of Kempten agreed to restore the bridge in August 2015. At first, the estimated cost was 3.3 million euros, but the final cost was 5 million euros.^[24] Two thirds of the cost was funded by the National Program of Road Building. After the restoration, the bridge is to be opened to pedestrians and cyclists. ^[25]

Importance

• The King Louis Bridge is a listed monument under the Bavarian Monument Protection Law. ^[26]
• On April 20, 2012 the National Chamber of Engineers listed the construction as a historic landmark of German Engineering. ^[27] The justification for the award was not only the fact that it is one of the oldest (>150 years) wooden railway bridges worldwide and the oldest Howe-bridge in Europe ^[28], but also the fact that the design of the bridge was based on calculation, rather than being empirically based. The bridge marks the transition to the theoretical-based constructions of the 19th century. "One can state, without exagerrating, that this is to be seen as a worldwide unique monument of structural engineering." ^[29]

Representation in Arts

The construction signifies early Industrialisation and technological progress. Due to this, numerous lithographs and paintings of the bridge were produced at that time. This changed following the construction of the neighboring concrete bridge. The wooden construction was removed completely in contemporary images. Ever since its erection the bridge was planked, until 1986, when the timber panels, which blocked the sight of the truss-structure, were removed. However, a lot of the images of the monument - even images from the commissioning date- show the bridge with a visible truss-structure.

• 
  Lower Howe carriers
• 
  Bearing in detail
• 
  Badge of the award given by the National Chamber of Engineers
• 
  Panelling
• 
  Barrier

Translation: Ingeborg Hoffmann (Actress)

Ingeborg Hoffmann (*July 1, 1921 in Munich; † March 27, 1985 in Rome^[30]) was a German actress and the first wife of the writer Michael Ende.

Life and Career

Hoffman started her career on stage in her youth and performed at theatres in Salzburg and Bremen during pre-war times. In 1940 she had her first character portrayal in Joe Stöckel's The Sinful Village. During World War II Ingeborg Hoffmann participated in plays which were part of the Truppenbetreuung (Engl.: troop welfare) and married an army doctor in 1942. One year later she gave birth to her only son, Michael. After her marriage had failed, she returned to Munich and picked up her career in theatres and kabaretts again. Other engagements led her to Stuttgart and Zürich. Furthermore, she worked as a dubbing actor for the channel Radio München. In 1950 she starred in Paul Verhoeven's Heart of Stone.

In 1952 she met Michael Ende, with whom she was in a relationship for the rest of her life. Hoffmann linked Ende to the booming Kabarett scene of Munich, for which he wrote sketches, e.g. for a theatre group called Die Kleinen Fische (English: The Small Fishes). They were married in 1960 and moved to Italy. Her influence on Michael Ende's artistic work and his children's and young people's classics, that are famous world wide, is said to be immense.^[31] She died of a Pulmonary embolism, only a few days after she had seen The NeverEnding Story in 1985.^[32]

Audio books

• 1953: Carl Zuckmayer: Ulla Winblad oder Musik und Leben des Carl Michael Bellmann (English: Ulla Winblad or the music and life of Carl Michael Bellmann) - directed by Walter Ohm

Weblinks

• Ingeborg Hoffmann in the IMDb
• Article on the relationship between Michael Ende and Ingeborg Hoffmann

Sherbro (River)

The Sherbro is a river in Sierra Leone in West Africa. It is the confluence of the rivers Bagru (89 km), Taia, Pampana (154 km), Yele and Wange (177 km).^[33] Due to its location, nature and size it is more like a bay or a strait.^[34]

The river mouth of the river Sherbro is a designated marine protected area (28.354 hectare)^[35][36] and forest protection area (10.100 hectare)

Weblinks

Map of the river

Group translation: Verein Deutsche Sprache

Initiatives

German Language Day

The association initiated the German Language Day in 2001. It takes place annually on the second Saturday of September.

German in the constitution

In September 2005, on the occasion of the 5th edition of the German Language Day, the association started a petition to add to the constitution “The language of Germany is German” to the constitution^[42], for which they formed a work group.

In January 2011 the association took a new approach to “German in the constitution” together with the Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland (VDA) (English: Association for German cultural relations abroad) and the newspaper Bild. This initiative gathered 46,000 signatures, which were given to the President.^[43] Shortly after, the VDS and the VDA submitted an online petition to the German Parliament in order to codify German in the Constitution.^[44]

Criticism from linguists

Linguists describe phenomena criticised by the Association for the German language almost exclusively as examples of language change. Language change has always influenced language as it is known today; the regulation of language by normative institutions has always been an marginal phenomenon, as language generally develops inherently. The laws of language change, but also social aspects, have always played a role, along with the economy priciple of communication resulting in minimal effort for speaker and listener. Languages change because other influencial languages havea high prestige; in German this last happened in the 18th and the 19th centuries with French, when numerous foreign words were introduced into German.

During the 20th century English took on this role, particularly after 1945. However, significantly more of the population was reached through the greater spread of mass media than in previous centuries. The current development of German technical terminology is often considered problematic from a non-linguistic point of view, because in many modern communication fields the development of the German lexicon is limited.

Criticism against the association and its work has come from various quarters. German linguist Thomas Niehr from RWTH Aachen University believes that the association neglects fundamental knowledge and linguistic differentiation.^[45] Others say the association is a fertile ground for xenophobia and right wing radicalism.^[46] The association rejects such allegations calling this defamation.^[46]

Linguistic opinion on the association is divided. On the one hand, the association includes several individual linguists in an academic advisory council. On the other hand, Falco Pfalzgraf, for example, sees the association as partially purist. According to the association itself, they do not want to rank among the defenders of linguistic purism, but this is what it is about. ^[47] This opinion is shared by numerous linguists. ^[48]

German journalist Stefan Niggemeier writes: "a group of specialists in German studies has pointed out that the behaviour of the association is a paradigm for an intolerant and obscure linguistic purism, and that the association constantly serves nationalist tendencies."^[49]

Membership

Since 2003 the association has been a partner organization of Bundesverband mittelständische Wirtschaft (BVMW).^[50]

In 2009 the association joined the network European Movement Germany.

Next translation: Truppenbetreuung/ Troop Welfare

The aim of troop welfare is to entertain, distract and encourage troops, in particular those on duty. It includes care beyond food, clothing and armament. One task of the troop welfare is the organization of the military mail, which not only links the soldiers to their home but also to other troops on duty. Forces stations broadcast for entertainment and information purposes, which may also be used for propaganda depending on their orientation. Another aspect of troop welfare are activities by the church and religious groups for the pastoral care of the soldiers.

History

Military troops have been accompanied by a tross of merchants and prostitutes, alongside priests and drugs, ever since. In the daily briefing they were sometimes treated to greetings and spirit from home. The modern troop welfare aims to provide the fighting troops with the information service and entertainment they are accustomed to in their civil lives. This includes newspapers, magazines, music, theater ^[51] and movie screenings from the civil sphere, as well as the service of military run - possibly censored - media, e.g. the American newspaper Stars and Stripes or the American Forces Network (see also Good Morning, Vietnam. These military media are of even higher relevance in totalitarian states because the consumption of civil media is often prohibited for (?) military members.

Table

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