Vaccine therapy

Cancer is a group of fatal diseases that involves abnormal cell growth that can invade or spread to other parts of the body.^[1] They are usually caused by the accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Majority of cancer, about 90-95%, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors – including age, chemicals, diet, exercise, viruses, and radiation. The remaining 5-10% are due to inherited genetics.^[2] Some of the cancers may be difficult to treat by conventional means such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but may be controlled by the stimulation of the immune response of the body with the help of cancer vaccines.^{[citation needed]}

1. Preventive or prophylactic vaccines
2. Treatment or therapeutic vaccines

These vaccines are intended to treat existing cancer by stimulating the patient’s immune system.^[3]

Cancer vaccines can also divided into specific or universal cancer vaccine based on the types of cancer it is used for. Specific cancer vaccines are only used to treat a particular type of cancer while universal vaccine can be used to treat different types of cancer.^[4]

• Tumor-associated antigens

Vaccines of this kind use specific tumor antigens, which are usually proteins or peptides, to stimulate immune system against either tumor specific antigens (TSAs) or tumor associated antigens (TAAs). This vaccine helps stimulate the patient's immune system to increase production of antibodies or killer T cells.^[5]

Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent APC (antigen presenting cell) of the immune system. DC cells have a unique ability to stimulate naïve T cells and can be used to induce of antigen-specific immune response. Several DC-based cancer vaccines have been developed including DC loaded with, tumor peptides or whole proteins,^[6] with tumor-derived mRNA or DNA.,^[7] DC transduced with viral vectors such as retroviruses,^[8] lentiviruses^[9] adenoviruses,^[10] fowl pox^[11] and alphaviruses containing the tumor antigen or gene of interest, whole necrotic or apoptotic tumor cells,^[12] tumor cell lysates^[13] and DC-fused with tumor cells.^[14]

An advantage to using tumor cell vaccines is that this type of vaccine is polyepitope, which means it can present an entire spectrum of TAAs to a patient’s immune system.^{[citation needed]}

• Autologous tumor cell vaccines

These vaccines are made from antigens taken from the patient’s own cancer cells. Autologous vaccines have been used to treat lung cancer,^[15] colorectal cancer,^[16] melanoma,^[17] renal cell cancer,^[18] and prostate cancer.^[19]

• Allogenic tumor cell vaccines

These vaccines are made from antigens taken from individuals other than the patient, usually from cancer cell lines.^[5]

• Vaccine therapy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

 This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute.