Vertebrate mitochondrial code
Alternative genetic code
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The vertebrate mitochondrial code (translation table 2) is the genetic code found in the mitochondria of all vertebrata.
Evolution
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution.[1] However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. A -1 mitoribosome frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6 open reading frames (ORFs), and consequently both ORFs terminate in the standard UAG codon.[2]
Incomplete stop codons
Mitochondrial genes in some vertebrates (including humans) have incomplete stop codons ending in U or UA, which become complete termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation.[3][4][5][6]
Translation table
| Amino acids biochemical properties | nonpolar | polar | basic | acidic | Termination: stop codon |
| 1st base |
2nd base | 3rd base | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U | C | A | G | ||||||
| U | UUU | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine | UCU | (Ser/S) Serine | UAU | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine | UGU | (Cys/C) Cysteine | U |
| UUC | UCC | UAC | UGC | C | |||||
| UUA | (Leu/L) Leucine | UCA | UAA | Stop | UGA | (Trp/W) Tryptophan | A | ||
| UUG | UCG | UAG | UGG | G | |||||
| C | CUU | CCU | (Pro/P) Proline | CAU | (His/H) Histidine | CGU | (Arg/R) Arginine | U | |
| CUC | CCC | CAC | CGC | C | |||||
| CUA | CCA | CAA | (Gln/Q) Glutamine | CGA | A | ||||
| CUG | CCG | CAG | CGG | G | |||||
| A | AUU | (Ile/I) Isoleucine | ACU | (Thr/T) Threonine | AAU | (Asn/N) Asparagine | AGU | (Ser/S) Serine | U |
| AUC | ACC | AAC | AGC | C | |||||
| AUA | (Met/M) Methionine | ACA | AAA | (Lys/K) Lysine | AGA | Stop | A | ||
| AUG[A] | ACG | AAG | AGG | G | |||||
| G | GUU | (Val/V) Valine | GCU | (Ala/A) Alanine | GAU | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid | GGU | (Gly/G) Glycine | U |
| GUC | GCC | GAC | GGC | C | |||||
| GUA | GCA | GAA | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid | GGA | A | ||||
| GUG | GCG | GAG | GGG | G | |||||