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Vexillum (gastropod)

Genus of gastropods From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vexillum is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Costellariidae.[1]

Phylum:Mollusca
Class:Gastropoda
Subclass:Caenogastropoda
Order:Neogastropoda
Quick facts Scientific classification, Type species ...
Vexillum
An apertural view of a shell of Vexillum taeniatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Turbinelloidea
Family: Costellariidae
Genus: Vexillum
Röding, 1798
Type species
Vexillum plicatum
Röding, 1798
Synonyms[1]
  • Arenimitra Iredale, 1929
  • Callithea Swainson, 1840 (invalid: junior homonym of Callithea Feisthamel, 1835; Pulchritima is a replacement name)
  • Costellaria Swainson, 1840
  • Mitra (Callithea) Swainson, 1840
  • Mitra (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840
  • Mitra (Harpaeformis) Lesson, 1842
  • Mitra (Tiara) Swainson, 1831
  • Mitra (Turricula) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Mitra (Uromitra) ·
  • Mitra (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824
  • Mitropifex Iredale, 1929
  • Pulchritima Iredale, 1929
  • Pusiolina Cossmann, 1921
  • Tiara Swainson, 1831
  • Tiara (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 (original rank)
  • Tiara (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840
  • Turricula Fabricius, 1823 non Schumacher, 1817
  • Turricula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
  • Turricula (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 ·
  • Turricula (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840
  • †Turricula (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1887
  • Turricula (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824
  • Uromitra Bellardi, 1887
  • Vexillum (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840
  • †Vexillum (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1888
  • Vexillum (Vexillum) Röding, 1798
  • Vulpecula Blainville, 1824
  • Zierliana Gray, 1847
Close

This genus is not monophyletic. The genus Vexillum contains about 80% of costellariid diversity.[2] It is considered a "dumping ground" for an array of unrelated forms.[3]

Description

The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated.[4]

Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, called vexitoxins, related to conotoxins.[5]

Distribution

This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (though also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific.

Species

Species within the genus Vexillum include:[1]

Taxa inquirenda

  • Vexillum lanceolatum (Hervier, 1897) (possible synonym of V. costatum)
  • Vexillum thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921[7]
  • Vexillum tomlini (Melvill, 1925)
  • Mitra (Turricula) rufofilosa E. A. Smith, 1876
  • † Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii (Dall, 1890)
  • Mitra (Pusia) elizae Melvill, 1899
  • Mitra nigrofasciata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874

Synonyms

  • Vexillum albatum Cernohorsky, 1988: synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872): synonym of Pilgrivexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
  • Vexillum altisuturatum Chino & Herrmann, 2014: synonym of Pilgrivexillum altisuturatum (Chino & Herrmann, 2014)
  • Vexillum anabelae (F. Fernandes, 1992): synonym of Pusia anabelae F. Fernandes, 1992
  • Vexillum andreiae Gori & Salisbury, 2024: synonym of Pacifilux andreiae (Gori & R. Salisbury, 2024)
  • Vexillum apicinctum (Verco, 1896): synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus (Verco, 1896)
  • Vexillum arestum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Pusia articulata (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia articulata (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum australe (Swainson, 1820): synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820)
  • Vexillum baccheti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012: synonym of Eupusia baccheti (R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012)
  • Vexillum balutense Herrmann, 2009: synonym of Pusia balutensis (Herrmann, 2009) (basionym)
  • Vexillum bilineatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata bilineata (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
  • † Vexillum brevior (Friedberg, 1911): synonym of † Pusia brevior (Friedberg, 1911) (superseded combination)
  • Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872): synonym of Pilgrivexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
  • Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Canaripusia catenata (Broderip, 1836)
  • Vexillum choslenae Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Pusia choslenae (Cernohorsky, 1982)
  • Vexillum cinerium [sic]: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833)
  • Vexillum clarum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020: synonym of Eupusia clara (S.-I Huang & M. H. Lin, 2020)
  • Vexillum cophinum (Gould, 1850): synonym of Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum costellata J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827 : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822
  • Vexillum crassum (Simone, 1995): synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone, 1995)
  • Vexillum cophinum A.A. Gould, 1850 : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum corallinum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata corallina (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum crebriliratum L.A. Reeve, 1844: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum crispata H.C. Koster, 1840: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula C. Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Vexillum cruentatum J.F. Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
  • Vexillum cruzana G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of Pusia cubana (Aguayo & Rehder, 1936)
  • Vexillum cubanum Aguayo & Rehder, 1936: synonym of Pusia cubana (Aguayo & Rehder, 1936)
  • † Vexillum cupressinum (Brocchi 1814): synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina (Brocchi, 1814)
  • Vexillum dautzenbergi Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)
  • Vexillum decipiens P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923: synonym of Vexillum hervieri (P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923)
  • Vexillum diamesa R.P.J. Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Vexillum corbicula (G.B. II Sowerby, 1870)
  • Vexillum duplex Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
  • Vexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia ebenus (Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum elegans J.H.F. Link, 1807: synonym of Vexillum citrinum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum elegantula H.C. Köster, 1839: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum elima C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS: synonym of Vexillum micra H.A. Pilsbry, 1921
  • Vexillum elliscrossi Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi (Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991)
  • Vexillum emiliae (Schmeltz, 1874): synonym of Eupusia emiliae (Schmeltz, 1874)
  • Vexillum epiphaneum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Pusia epiphanea Rehder, 1943
  • Vexillum evelynae Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana (S.-I. Huang, 2017)
  • Vexillum exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
  • Vexillum fasciata W.H. Dall, 1905: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum festum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Orphanopusia festa (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum fidis G.B. III Sowerby, 1916: synonym of Vexillum patulum (L.A. Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum filiareginae (J. Cate, 1961): synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961
  • Vexillum fulvosulcatum (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845)
  • † Vexillum fusellinum (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † Conomitra fusellina (Lamarck, 1803)
  • Vexillum gemmatum (Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
  • Vexillum geoffreyanum (J.C. Melvill, 1910): synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910)
  • Vexillum geronimae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009: synonym of Eupusia geronimae (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009)
  • Vexillum gervilli B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827: synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum glandiformis L.A. Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum gloriosum Noodt, 1819: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum granosum (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym)
  • Vexillum granum (Forbes, 1844): synonym of Pusia granum (Forbes, 1844)
  • Vexillum hadfieldi (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum haifensis F. Nordsieck, 198: synonym of Pusia hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912)
  • Vexillum hanleyi (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)
  • Vexillum hansenae Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia hansenae (Cernohorsky, 1973)
  • Vexillum harpiferum J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)
  • † Vexillum hastatum (D.L.G. Karsten, 1849): synonym of † Pusia hastata (Karsten, 1849)
  • Vexillum heleneae Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) (original combination)
  • Vexillum hedleyi R. Murdoch, 1905 : synonym of Peculator hedleyi (R. Murdoch, 1905)
  • Vexillum hendersoni (Dall, 1927): synonym of Pusia hendersoni (Dall, 1927)
  • Vexillum hirasei (Kira, 1962): synonym of Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864
  • Vexillum histrio (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Pusia histrio (Reeve, 1844)
  • Vexillum hypatiae (Pallary, 1913): synonym of Pusia hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912)
  • Vexillum inerme (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Eupusia inermis (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
  • Vexillum joliveti Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Costapex joliveti (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006) (basionym)
  • Vexillum kaicherae (Petuch, 1979): synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae (Petuch, 1979)
  • Vexillum klytios Turner, 2008: synonym of Eupusia klytios (H. Turner, 2008)
  • Vexillum kremerae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae Petuch, 1987
  • Vexillum kurodai (Sakurai & Habe, 1964): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)
  • Vexillum lanulentum S.-I. Huang, 2017: synonym of Eupusia lanulenta (S.-I Huang, 2017)
  • Vexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia lauta (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum leonardhilli (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli Petuch, 1987
  • Vexillum laterculatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874): synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
  • Vexillum leucaspis Herrmann & Stossier, 2011: synonym of Ebenomitra leucaspis (Herrmann & Stossier, 2011)
  • † Vexillum leucozona (Andrzejowski, 1830): synonym of † Ebenomitra leucozona (Andrzejowski, 1830)
  • Vexillum lincolnense (Angas, 1878): synonym of Austromitra lincolnensis (Angas, 1878)
  • Vexillum lindae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria lindae Petuch, 1987
  • Vexillum loyaltyense (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis (Hervier, 1897)
  • Vexillum lubens (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum macrospirum (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) (misspelling)
  • Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia marrowi (Cernohorsky, 1973) (original combination)
  • † Vexillum martini (Icke & K. Martin, 1907): synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931)
  • Vexillum martinorum Cernohorsky, 1986: synonym of Costapex martinorum (Cernohorsky, 1986)
  • Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi (Cernohorsky, 1980)
  • Vexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum militaris (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) (incorrect gender ending)
  • Vexillum moniliferum (C. B. Adams, 1850): synonym of Pusia monilifera (C. B. Adams, 1850)
  • Vexillum nigritella (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) (synonym)
  • Vexillum nitidissimum (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Ponderiola nitidissima (Melvill & Standen, 1895)
  • Vexillum nodospiculum (Cernohorsky, 1970): synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula (Cernohorsky, 1970)
  • Vexillum osiridis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis (Issel, 1869)
  • Vexillum pailoloanum J. M. Cate, 1963 : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana (J. M. Cate, 1963)
  • Vexillum pardale (Küster, 1840): synonym of Eupusia pardalis (Küster, 1840)
  • † Vexillum parki R. S. Allan, 1926 : synonym of † Proximitra parki (R. S. Allan, 1926)
  • Vexillum patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum pharaonis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844)
  • † Vexillum plicatellum P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)
  • Vexillum plicatum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Vexillum politum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum pratasense T.C. Lan, 2004: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)
  • Vexillum pseudomarginatum Suter, 1913: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa (F. W. Hutton, 1873)
  • Vexillum puella (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux puella (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Pusia pulchella (Reeve, 1844)
  • Vexillum pullatum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Vexillum pumilio May, 1916: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki (Angas, 1878)
  • Vexillum puncturatum (Sowerby III, 1879): synonym of Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844)
  • Vexillum rectilateralis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
  • Vexillum rhodarion Kilburn, 1972(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion (Kilburn, 1972)
  • Vexillum rhodochroa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
  • Vexillum ronnyi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009: synonym of Costapex ronnyi (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009)
  • Vexillum roris S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020: synonym of Eupusia roris (S.-I Huang & M. H. Lin, 2020)
  • Vexillum rubrotaeniatum Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014 (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)
  • Vexillum rubrum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)
  • Vexillum rufobalteatum (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
  • † Vexillum rutidolomum Suter, 1917: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma (Suter, 1917)
  • Vexillum sagamiense (Kuroda & Habe, 1971): synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)
  • Vexillum sanguisugum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Vexillum sauternesense Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis (E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997)
  • Vexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)
  • Vexillum semicostatum (Anton, 1838): synonym of Eupusia semicostata (Anton, 1838)
  • Vexillum seroi T. Cossignani, 2022: synonym of Vexillum buriasense (Tomlin, 1920)
  • Vexillum stephanucha (Melvill, 1897): synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) (incorrect gender ending)
  • Vexillum strictecostatum (von Maltzan, 1884): synonym of Ebenomitra strictecostata (Maltzan, 1884)
  • Vexillum styria (Dall, 1889): synonym of Caribbonus styria (Dall, 1889)
  • Vexillum suave (Sowerby, 1875): synonym of Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873)
  • Vexillum superbum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym)
  • † Vexillum suteri Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Proximitra enysi (Hutton, 1873)
  • † Vexillum svagrovskyi Biskupič, 2020: synonym of † Tosapusia neudorfensis (Schaffer, 1898)
  • Vexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925): synonym of Atlantilux sykesi (Melvill, 1925)
  • Vexillum takisaoi [sic]: synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi (Kuroda, 1959) (misspelling)
  • † Vexillum teschi (Koperberg, 1931): synonym of † Turricula (Costellaria) rumphiusi Rutsch, 1932
  • Vexillum thorssoni Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Protoelongata thorssoni (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)
  • Vexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum trophonium (Dall, 1889): synonym of Pusia trophonia (Dall, 1889)
  • Vexillum tuberosum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum tulearense T. Cossignani, 2021: synonym of Vexillum regina (G. B. Sowerby I, 1828)
  • Vexillum turrigerum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum variatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia variata (Reeve, 1845)
  • Vexillum venustulum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum unifasciale (Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum venustum (Sarasúa, 1978): synonym of Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844)
  • Vexillum vicmanoui Turner & Marrow, 2001: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui (H. Turner & Marrow, 2001)
  • Vexillum virginalis (Lesson, 1842): synonym of Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842)
  • Vexillum vittatum (Swainson, 1821): synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)
  • Vexillum vulpeculum [sic]: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909: synonym of Egestas waitei (Suter, 1909)
  • Vexillum wandoense (Holmes, 1859): synonym of Caribbonus wandoensis (F. S. Holmes, 1860)
  • Vexillum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Vexillum xerampelinum (Melvill, 1895): synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina (Melvill, 1895)
  • Vexillum zebrinum (d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839): synonym of Pusia zebrina (d'Orbigny, 1840)
  • Vexillum zythochroa (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836)

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