Voiceless velar affricate
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨kx⟩ in IPA
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A voiceless velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound are â¨kÍ¡xâ© and â¨kÍxâ©. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding â¨kxâ©.
k_x| Voiceless velar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| kx | |||
| IPA number | 109 140 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | k_x | ||
| |||
Some languages have a voiceless pre-velar or post-palatal affricate, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar affricate, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate â see Voiceless palatal affricate § Post-palatal for more information.
Conversely, some languages have a voiceless post-velar affricate,[1] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless velar affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless uvular affricate â see Voiceless uvular affricate § Pre-uvular for more information.
Features
Features of a voiceless velar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cimbrian | Luserna dialect | khes | [kxÉËÊ] | 'cheese' | |
| Sette Comuni dialect | khèmman | [kxÉË.mÉn] | 'to come' | ||
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[2] | blik | [ËblɪkÍ¡x] | 'plate' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of /k/.[2] |
| Modern Greek | Ancient Greek borrowings[citation needed] | ÏάκÏαÏο | [ËsakÍ¡xaro] | '(blood) sugar' | |
| English | Broad Cockney[3] | cab | [ËkÍ¡xÉËbÌ¥] | 'cab' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /k/.[4] See English phonology |
| New Zealand[5] | Word-initial allophone of /k/.[5] See English phonology | ||||
| North Wales[6] | [ËkÍ¡xaËbÌ¥] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of /k/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [kÊ°].[6] See English phonology | |||
| Received Pronunciation[7] | Occasional allophone of /k/.[7] See English phonology | ||||
| Scouse[8] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /k/.[8] See English phonology | ||||
| German | Standard Austrian[9] | Kübel | [ËkÍ¡xyËbÅl] | 'bucket' | Possible realization of /k/ before front vowels.[9] See Standard German phonology |
| Bavarian dialects of Tyrol | Kchind | [ËkÍ¡xindÌ¥] | 'child' | ||
| Swiss dialects and Alemannic of southern Baden-Württemberg | Sack | [zÌ¥ÉkÍ¡x] | 'bag' | May be actually uvular [qÍ¡Ï] in some dialects. | |
| Korean[10] | í¬ë¤ (keuda) | â | 'big' | Allophone of /kÊ°/ before /ɯ/.[10] See Korean phonology | |
| Lakota | lakhóta | [laËkÍ¡xota] | 'Lakota' | Allophone of /kÊ°/ before /a/, /ã/, /o/, /Ä©/, and /Å©/. | |
| Navajo | kǫʼ | [kÍ¡xõÊË©] | 'fire' | Allophone of /kÊ°/ before the back vowels /o, a/. See Navajo phonology | |
| Slovene | sikh | [Ës̪îËkÍ¡x] | 'Sikh' | Very rare, occurring only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |
| Xhosa | [example needed] | Represented by <krh>. Contrasts /kʼ, kÊ°, É¡Ìʱ, kxʼ, kxÊ°, x, É£Ì/. See Xhosa phonology. | |||
| !Xóõ | [ÇÍ¡kxʼâã] | 'grass' | Used in pulmonic-contour clicks. | ||