Xitun Formation
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Geological formation in Yunnan, China
| Xitun Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Early Devonian (Lochkovian) | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Cuifengshan Group[1] |
| Underlies | Guijiatun Formation[2] |
| Overlies | Xiaxishancun Formation[2] |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Calciferous mudstones[2] |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 25°29.853'N and 103°46.309'E[2] |
| Region | Yunnan Province |
| Country | China |
| Extent | Qujing |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Xitun village |
The Xitun Formation is a palaeontological formation which is named after Xitun village in Qujing, a location in South China. This formation includes many remains of fossilized fish and plants of the Early Devonian period (Late Lochkovian).[1][2] It was originally referred to as the Xitun Member of the Cuifengshan Formation (now the Cuifengshan Group).[3]
Animals
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Acanthodians
| Acanthodians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ischnacanthidae | Genus indet. | Qujing.[3] | 4 isolated scales (V7218.1, 3, 6 & 8) & 2 longitudinal sections (V7218.4 & 7).[3] | Similar to Ischnacanthus & Acanthodes, may be referrable to Youngacanthus. | |
| Nostolepis | N. amplifica | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 43 trunk scales.[4] | ||
| N. consueta | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | Around 25 trunk scales.[4] | |||
| N. digitus | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 28 trunk scales.[4] | |||
| N. qujingensis | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 19 trunk scales.[4] | |||
| N. striata | Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] | 69 trunk scales.[4] | |||
| N. sp. indet. | Qujing.[3] | Body scales.[3] | |||
| Youngacanthus | Y. gracilis | Qujing.[3] | Jaw elements & teeth.[3] | An ischnacanthid. | |
Actinopterygians
| Actinopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Meemannia | M. eos | Xitun village, Qujing.[5] | An early ray-finned fish, formerly thought to be a lobe finned fish.[6] | ||
Arthropods
| Arthropods reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Qujingopterus[7] | Q. spineus | A stylonurid eurypterid |  | ||
Chondrichthyes
| Chondrichthyes reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Changolepis | C. tricuspidus | Qujing.[3] | 10 scales of various growth stages.[3] | ||
| Chondrichthyes | Genus indet. | Qujing.[3] | 4 isolated teeth (V7221.1, 2, 3 & 4). | May belong to Gualepis or Changolepis. | |
| Gualepis | G. elegans | Xitun, Qilin district, Qujing.[8] | Thousands of isolated scales.[3][8] | ||
| Ohiolepis? | O.? xitunensis | Qujing.[3] | A complete scale (V7233.1) & an incomplete scale (V7223.2).[3] | ||
| Peilepis | P. solida | Qujing.[3] | A body scale (V7222).[3] | ||
Jawless fish
| Jawless fish reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Parathelodus | P. asiaticus | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | Body scales.[9] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |
| P. cornuformis | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | Body scales.[9] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| P. liaokuoensis | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | Body scales.[9] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| P. scitulus | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | A complete body scale (IVPP V 12156.1).[9] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| P. trilobatus | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | Body scales.[9] | A thelodont also found in the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| P. wangi | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | Body scales.[9] | A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| P. xitunensis | Qilin district, Qujing.[9] | A complete body scale (IVPP V 26113.1).[9] | A thelodont. | ||
| Turinia | T. asiatica | Qujing.[3] | Multiple scales.[3] | A thelodont. |  |
| Xitunaspis | X. magnus | Qujing.[10] | 4 headshields.[10] | A galeaspid. | |
Placoderms
| Placoderms reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Antiarchi | Unnamed antiarch | Qujing.[1] | MNHN-CHD02 & V10515.[1] | Originally referred to ?Xichonelepis. | |
| Asterosteidae | Gen. et. sp. indet. | Qujing.[11] | Part of the head shield.[11] | Very similar to Gemuendina.[11] | |
| Chuchinolepis | C. gracilis | Qujing.[1] | Detached plates.[1] | A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |
| C. qujingensis | Plates.[1] | A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | |||
| C. robusta | Qujing.[1] | A detached AVL plate (V10512).[1] | A chuchinolepidid. | ||
| C. sulcata | Qujing.[1] | Trunkshield, plates & incomplete pectoral fin.[1] | A chuchinolepidid. | ||
| Gavinaspis | G. convergens | Qujing.[12] | Skull remains.[12] | A phyllolepid. | |
| Parayunnanolepis | P. xitunensis | Almost-complete specimen.[13] | A yunnanolepidid. |  | |
| Phymolepis | P. cuifengshanensis | Cuifengshan and Liaokuoshan, Qujing.[1][14] | Plates.[1][14] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. |  |
| P. guoruii | Qujing.[1] | Trunk-shields & plates.[1] | A yunnanolepidid. | ||
| Szeaspis | S. yunnanensis | Qujing.[15] | Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[15] | Preoccupied genus name, renamed Szelepis. | |
| Szelepis | S. yunnanensis | Qujing.[15] | Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[15] | An actinolepid originally named Szeaspis. | |
| Yunnanolepis | Y. porifera | Qujing.[1] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. | ||
| Y. sp. | Qujing.[1] | A trunk-shield associated with part of skull roof (V10514).[1] | A yunnanolepidid, specimen formerly assigned to Vanchienolepis. | ||
| Zhanjilepis | Z. aspratilis | Qujing.[1] | Plates.[1] | A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation. |  |
Sarcopterygians
| Sarcopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Achoania | A. jarvikii | Qujing.[16] | Anterior cranial portion.[16] | A basal lobe finned fish. | |
| Diabolepis | D. speratus | Xichong, Qujing.[17] | Multiple specimens.[17][18] | A dipteriform originally named Diabolichthys. | |
| Psarolepis | P. romeri | Xichong, Qujing.[19] | 4 anterior cranial portions, a posterior cranial portion, 2 complete lower jaws & an incomplete lower jaw.[19] | A basal lobe finned fish. |  |
| Styloichthys | S. changae | Qujing.[20] | Multiple specimens.[20] | A basal coelacanth.[21] |  |
| Youngolepis | Y. praecursor | Numerous specimens.[22] | A basal lobe finned fish also known from the Bac Bun Formation. |  | |
Plants
| Plants reported from the Xitun Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Gen. nov. A | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | Numerous specimens.[2] | |||
| aff. Huia | aff. H. sp. | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | PKU-XH214.[2] | A lycophyte. | |
| Unnamed spike | Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] | A poorly preserved terminal spike (PKU-XH215a, 215b).[2] | Probably from a zosterophyll. | ||
| Xitunia | X. spinitheca | Qujing.[23] | A zosterophyll. | ||
| Zosterophyllum | Z. minorstachyum | Qujing.[23] | A zosterophyll. |  | |
| Z. shengfengense | A building site at Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng District, Qujing City.[24] | A nearly entire individual plant preserved as a compression (PUH-QXI01-1), and its counterpart (PUH-QXI01-1').[24] | A zosterophyll. | ||
See also
- List of fossil sites— (with link directory)
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Zhu, Min (1996-01-01). "The phylogeny of the Antiarcha (Placodermi, Pisces), with the description of Early Devonian antiarchs from Qujing, Yunnan, China". Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 4e Série.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Xue, Jinzhuang (March 2012). "Lochkovian plants from the Xitun Formation of Yunnan, China, and their palaeophytogeographical significance". Geological Magazine. 149 (2): 333–344. Bibcode:2012GeoM..149..333X. doi:10.1017/S001675681100077X. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 129280508.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Wang, Nianzhong.; Wang, Nianzhong (1984). "Thelodont, acanthodian, and chondrichthyan fossils from the Lower Devonian of southwestern China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107: 419–441. ISSN 0370-047X.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li, Qiang; Cui, Xindong; Andreev, Plamen Stanislavov; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Peng, Lijian; Zhu, Min (2021-05-07). "Nostolepis scale remains (stem Chondrichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan, China". PeerJ. 9 e11093. doi:10.7717/peerj.11093. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8109008. PMID 34012725.
- ↑ Zhu, Min. "Meemannia eos, a basal sarcopterygian fish from the Lower Devonian of China – expanded description and significance". Academia.
- ↑ Lu, Jing; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt; den Blaauwen, Jan L.; Zhu, Min (2016-06-20). "The Oldest Actinopterygian Highlights the Cryptic Early History of the Hyperdiverse Ray-Finned Fishes". Current Biology. 26 (12): 1602–1608. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.045. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27212403. S2CID 3928790.
- ↑ Ma, Z.; Lamsdell, J. C.; Wang, M.; Chen, J.; Selden, P. A.; He, B. (2024). "Early Devonian stylonurine eurypterids from northern Gondwana: Late Lochkovian to early Pragian records from South China". Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2024.11.003.
- 1 2 Cui, Xindong; Qu, Qingming; Andreev, Plamen S.; Li, Qiang; Mai, Huijuan; Zhu, Min (2021-03-04). "Modeling scale morphogenesis in a Devonian chondrichthyan and scale growth patterns in crown gnathostomes". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2) e1930018. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E0018C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1930018. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 237517966.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Xin-Dong, C. U. I.; Qiang, L. I.; Min, Z. H. U.; Min, Z. H. U. (2020-01-20). "New material of thelodonts from Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of Qujing, Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (1): 1. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190612. ISSN 2096-9899.
- 1 2 Hao-Ran, Sun; Gai, Zhikun; Jia-Chen, Cai; Qiang, L I (April 2022). "Xitunaspis, a new eugaleaspid fish (Eugaleaspiformes, Galeaspida) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220412.
- 1 2 3 Jun-Qing, Wang (1991-04-19). "Discovery of asterosteidae from Lower Devonian in Eastern Yuannan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 29 (2): 162. ISSN 2096-9899.
- 1 2 Dupret, V.; Zhu, M. (30 November 2007). "The earliest phyllolepid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Yunnan (South China)". Geological Magazine. 145 (2): 257–278. doi:10.1017/S0016756807004207. ISSN 1469-5081. S2CID 129360262.
- ↑ Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Choo, Brian; Wang, Junqing; Jia, Liantao (2012-06-23). "An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates". Biology Letters. 8 (3): 453–456. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1033. PMC 3367742. PMID 22219394.
- 1 2 Wang, Yajing; Zhu, Min (2018-05-28). "Redescription of Phymolepis cuifengshanensis (Antiarcha: Yunnanolepididae) using high-resolution computed tomography and new insights into anatomical details of the endocranium in antiarchs". PeerJ. 6 e4808. doi:10.7717/peerj.4808. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5978403. PMID 29868260.
- 1 2 3 4 Dupret, Vincent; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (2017-03-04). "Redescription of Szelepis Liu, 1981 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Lower Devonian of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2) e1312422. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E2422D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1312422. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 90912807.
- 1 2 Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Ahlberg, Per E. (2001). "A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk". Nature. 410 (6824): 81–84. doi:10.1038/35065078. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11242045. S2CID 4416579.
- 1 2 Chang, Meemann; Yu, Xiaobo (January 1984). "Structure and phylogenetic significance of Diabolichthys speratus gen. et sp. nov., a new dipnoan-like form from the Lower Devonian of eastern Yunnan, China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107 (3): 171–184.
- ↑ Chang, Meemann (January 1995). "Diabolepis and its bearing on the relationships between porolepiforms and dipnoans". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section C. 17 (1): 235–268.
- 1 2 Yu, Xiaobo (1998). "A New Porolepiform-Like Fish, Psarolepis romeri, gen. et sp. nov. (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (2): 261–274. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18..261Y. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011055. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523897.
- 1 2 Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo (September 2002). "A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish". Nature. 418 (6899): 767–770. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..767Z. doi:10.1038/nature00871. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12181564. S2CID 4389974.
- ↑ Friedman, Matt (January 2007). "Styloichthys as the oldest coelacanth: Implications for early osteichthyan interrelationships". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (3): 289–343. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5..289F. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002052. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 83712134.
- ↑ Cui, Xindong; Friedman, Matt; Qiao, Tuo; Yu, Yilun; Zhu, Min (2022-05-02). "The rapid evolution of lungfish durophagy". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 2390. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.2390C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30091-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9061808. PMID 35501345. S2CID 248504614.
- 1 2 Xue, Jinzhuang (2009-06-10). "Two Zosterophyll Plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 83 (3): 504–512. Bibcode:2009AcGlS..83..504X. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00057.x. S2CID 131021391.
- 1 2 Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang; Guo, Dali; Wang, Deming (January 2010). "Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant". New Phytologist. 185 (1): 217–225. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03056.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 19825018. S2CID 5638825.
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