Xu Liang

Xu Liang went to Japan, and entered to Yokohama Daidou School (横浜大同学校).^[when?] He then went to the United States, where he graduated from Columbia University and Washington University (from which "Washington University" he graduated is uncertain).^[when?] Later, Xu Liang returned to China and was appointed a secretary to the Ministry for Justice, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and the Interior Ministry.^{[clarification needed][when?]} Afterwards he successively held the positions of secretary or advisor to many Local Governments or Legations.^{[clarification needed][when?]} In the Nationalist Government era, he became a member of the Legation staff to the United States and an officer in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.^{[citation needed]}

When the Wang Jingwei regime was established in March 1940, Xu Liang also participated in it. He was appointed Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chief of the Central Political Committee's Commission for Foreign Affairs, etc. In October 1940 he was appointed Ambassador to Japan, and sent to Manchukuo as a special envoy. That December he returned to Nanjing and was promoted to Minister of Foreign Affairs, a post which he held until October 1941. Later he was appointed member of the North China Political Council (華北政務委員會) and member of the National Government.^{[citation needed]}

After the Wang Jingwei regime had collapsed, Xu Liang was arrested by Chiang Kai-shek's government. He was convicted of treason and surrender to the enemy (namely Hanjian) and sentenced to death.^[2] But Xu wasn't executed, while being imprisoned in Tianjin.^[2] In the end of 1948, as the Communist army approached Tianjin, he was released by the Nationalist authorities.^[2] The following January he was once again arrested by the Communist authorities in Tianjin.^[2]

In July 1951 Xu Liang was sentenced to death by the Tianjin authorities^[3] and executed at Ningjin County, Hebei in the same year.^[4]