Yang clan of Hongnong

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The Yang clan of Hongnong (弘農楊氏) was a prominent Chinese clan known for producing many high-ranking officials and imperial concubines. Their ancestral home was Hongnong Commadery (農楊郡). It is noted that the Yang clan of Hongnong may originate from Yangshe clan (羊舌氏).

The first notable member of this clan was Yang Chang (楊敞), who served as prime minister during the Western Han dynasty.^[1]^[a]

The Hongnong Yang clan tomb in Shaoguan County, Shaanxi Province, has been used for several generations since Yang Zhen.^[2]

According to the Book of Sui, Yang Jian the founding emperor of the Sui dynasty, was born to the Yang clan of Hongnong, and was a descendant of Yang Zhen.^[3]

Males

Yang Chang (楊敞; died 19 September 74 BC^[4]) – He served as prime minister during the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, and was also a son-in-law of Sima Qian.^[5]^[b]
- Yang Chang's son Yang Yun (楊惲; died c.54 BC^[c]) helped to disseminate his maternal grandfather's magnum opus: the Shiji.^[7]
Yang Bao (楊寶) – He was a great-grandson of Yang Chang and a scholar of Classic of History during the end of the Western Han dynasty. He lived and taught in seclusion.^[8]
Yang Zhen (楊震; c.50s - c.April 124^[9]) – He was the son of Yang Bao, and was an official of the Eastern Han dynasty.^[10]^[d]
Yang Fu (楊敷) – He was a grandson of Yang Zhen and was known for his good personal qualities.^[12]
Yang Fu (楊馥)– He was a grandson of Yang Zhen. He was appointed as a Gentlemen Cadet and become the Commander of the Guards.^[13]
Yang Ci (楊賜; died c.November 185^[14]) – He was a grandson of Yang Zhen (楊震), and a tutor to Emperor Ling. He became Minister Steward and Minister of the Household. From March to c.August 173, Yang Ci was appointed as Excellency of the Works and from c.January 177 to 4 February 178, he became Excellency of the Masses.^[e]
Yang Biao (楊彪; 142-225^[16]) – He was a son of Yang Ci (禓賜) and a scholar of the Han dynasty. He became a consultant and joined the group of scholars who were ordered to prepare a fourth installment of the Record of Han.^[17]
Yang Xiu (楊修) – He was the son of Yang Biao (楊彪) and an official and adviser serving under the warlord Cao Cao. He also served as registrar of the imperial chancellor (丞相主簿).
Yang Su (楊素) – He was a military strategist during the Sui dynasty. He held the title of Duke of Chu (楚国公). He was posthumously honoured as Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武国公).
Yang Yuqing (楊虞卿) – He was a close associate of Emperor Wenzong of Tang and the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality.

Females

Imperial Consorts

Imperial Consort	Emperor	Sons	Daughters
Empress Wuyuan	Emperor Wu of Jin	1. Sima Gui, Prince Dao of Piling 2. Emperor Xiaohui 3. Sima Jian, Prince Xian of Qin	1. Princess Pingyang 2. Princess Xinfeng (新豐公主) 3. Princess Yangping
Empress Wudao	Emperor Wu of Jin	1. Sima Hui, Prince Shang of Bohai
Imperial Concubine Yang	Emperor Gaozu of Tang	26. Li Yuanxiang, Prince Jiang'an
Princess consort	Emperor Taizong of Tang	14. Li Ming, Prince Gong of Cao
Empress Yuanxian	Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	3. Emperor Suzong of Tang	8. Princess Qi
Noble Consort Yang	Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and Li Miao
Worthy Consort Yang	Emperor Muzong of Tang	8. Li Rong, Prince An
Worthy Consort Yang	Emperor Wenzong of Tang
Empress Yang (Alleged)	Emperor Ningzong of Song dynasty	1. Zhao Zeng (prince) 2. Zhao Jiong (prince) 3. Zhao Xun (crown prince) adopted 4. Zhao Hong (crown prince) adopted 5. Zhao Yun (Emperor Lizong) adopted

Others

Lady Yang, daughter of Yang Kan, Duke of Jibei (济北国公杨侃) and wife of Wei Xiaokuan
Princess Consort of Chao (巢王妃弘農楊氏),^[f] niece of Yang Gongren and wife of Li Yuanji
Princess Consort of Wu (吳王妃弘農楊氏), wife of Li Ke, Prince of Yuling
Crown Princess Yang (杨太子妃), wife of Li Chongjun, Crown Prince Jiemin

Notes

↑ In the Twenty-Four Histories, Yang Chang was the first member of his clan to receive a biography, in the Book of Han.
↑ Yang Chang's biography in Han Shu did not mention that he was a descendant of Yang Xi. One possibility was that the authors did not want to draw attention to the fact that Sima Qian, who greatly admired Xiang Yu, had a son-in-law who is a descendant of someone who had posthumously dismembered Xiang. In Shiji, Xiang Yu's biography was listed under the "annals" section, which is reserved for emperors; another exception which Sima Qian made was for Empress Lü. Also, Sima addressed Xiang by his courtesy name Yu; the Book of Han listed Xiang's biography under the "biographies" section and addressed him by his given name Ji.
↑ The annals of Emperor Xuan in Book of Han recorded that Yang Yun was executed in the 12th month of the 2nd year of the Wufeng era; the month corresponds to 22 Jan to 19 Feb 55 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. However, in Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang noted that by comparing with other sources, Yang Yun couldn't have been executed in the month stated in the annals of Emperor Xuan; Tongjian itself recorded Yang's death in the 4th year of the Wufeng era, while Sima opinioned in Kaoyi that the 12th month of the 2nd year of the Wufeng era was when Yang Yun was demoted to commoner status.^[6]
↑ Yang Zhen's biography in Book of the Later Han recorded that he was a 8th generation descendant of Yang Xi (楊喜), who was appointed Marquis of Chiquan during the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han (八世祖喜，高祖时有功，封赤泉侯。). The Shiji recorded that Yang Xi was part of the quartet who dismembered Xiang Yu posthumously.^[11]
↑ According to Emperor Ling's biography in Book of the Later Han, Yang Ci was made Sikong on the ren'wu day of the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the Xiping era (4 Mar 173 in the Julian calendar), and relieved of the position in the 7th month of that year (28 Jul to 25 Aug). He was then made Situ on the bing'xu day of the 11th month of the 5th year of the Xi'ping era (likely an error as there was no bingxu day in that month; the month corresponds to 19 Dec 176 to 17 Jan 177 in the Julian calendar) and relieved of the position on the geng'chen day of the 12th month of the 6th year of the same era (4 Feb 178).^[15]
↑ married Li Shiming after Li Yuanji's death and had a son

References

↑ zh:氏族志
↑ Zhi Dao, From Xia Dynasty to Qing Dynasty: An Overview of the History of Chinese Dynasties
↑ 魏徵等撰《隋書》卷1〈帝紀〉：(高祖文皇帝姓楊氏，諱堅，弘農郡華陰人也。漢太尉震八代孫鉉，仕燕為北平太守。鉉生元壽，後魏代為武川鎮司馬，子孫因家焉。) Sui Shu, vol.01
↑ ([元平元年]八月，己巳，安平敬侯杨敞薨。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.24
↑ (子忠嗣，...忠弟恽，字子幼，....恽母，司马迁女也。) Han Shu, vol.66 (biography of Yang Chang)
↑ (《宣纪》：“十二月，杨恽坐前为光禄勋有罪，免为庶人。不悔过，怨望，大逆不道，要斩。”荀《纪》因而用之。《恽传》：“恽与孙会宗书曰：‘臣之得罪已三年矣。’又因日食之变，驺马猥佐成上书告恽罪，下狱死。又杨谭称杜延年为御史大夫。按《百官表》，恽以神爵元年为光禄勋，五年免。戴长乐亦以其年为太仆，五年免。杜延年以五凤三年，六月，辛酉为御史大夫。又按《萧望之传》：“使光禄勋恽策免望之”，其事在今年八月，恽犹为光禄勋。至四年四月，乃有日蚀之变。盖恽以今年十二月免为庶人，至四年乃死。《宣纪》误也。) Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, vol.01
↑ Han Shu, vol.62 (biography of Sima Qian)
↑ Rafe de Crespigny (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). BRILL. p. 944. ISBN 9047411846.
↑ Vol.50 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Yang Zhen poisoned himself in the 3rd month of the 3rd year of the Yanguang era of the reign of Emperor An of Han; the month corresponds to 2 Apr to 1 May 124 in the Julian calendar. Yang's biography in Houhanshu recorded that he was in his 70s when he died.
↑ Book of the Later Han, biography of Yang Zhen.
↑ (最其后，郎中骑杨喜，骑司马吕马童，郎中吕胜、杨武各得其一体。五人共会其体，皆是。故分其地为五：...封杨喜为赤泉侯...) Shiji, vol.07
↑ Rafe de Crespigny (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). English: Brill. p. 950. ISBN 9047411846.
↑ A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD).pp.950
↑ Yang Ci's biography in Houhanshu recorded that he died in the 9th month of the 2nd year of the Zhongping era of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han (12 Oct to 9 Nov 185 in the Julian calendar). Vol.25 of Annals of the Later Han by Yuan Hong recorded that he died in the 10th month of that year (10 Nov to 9 Dec 185). The annals of Emperor Ling in Houhanshu and vol.58 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that he died on the gengyin day of the 10th month of that year (no corresponding date in the Julian calendar); the gengyin day of the 9th month corresponds to 4 Nov 185.
↑ ([熹平二年]二月壬午，大赦天下。以光禄勋杨赐为司空...秋七月，司空杨赐免，...[熹平五年]十一月丙戌，光禄大夫杨赐为司徒。...[熹平六年十二月]庚辰，司徒杨赐免。) Houhanshu, vol.08
↑ (年八十四，黃初六年卒於家。) Houhanshu, vol.54
↑ Rafe de Crespigny (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Brill. pp. 944–945. ISBN 9047411846.